hy-àn-kzm-X-{´y-¯nð ]pXn-b \n-b-a ]-cn-jv-Im-c-§Ä \-S-¸n-em-¡m-³ H-cp§n-b {_n-«o-jv kÀ-¡m-cn-\v ap-ónð k-À-¡mÀ D-tZym-K-ØÀ k-aÀ-¸n¨-Xv hn-Nn-{Xam-b \nÀ-t±-i§Ä. ssewKn-I _-Ô-¯nð GÀ-s¸-Sm-\p-Å Ip-d-ª {]m-bw 14 B-¡p-I, sX-cp-hp-I-fnð Iq-Sn \-á-\m-bn \-S-¡p-ó-Xn-\p-Å A-h-Im-iw \ðIp-I Xp-S§n-b \nÀ-t±-i-§-fm-Wv D-tZym-K-ØÀ kÀ-¡m-cn-\v k-aÀ-¸n-¨-Xv.
hy-àn-I-fp-sS ssZ-\w-Zn-\ Po-hnX-s¯ _m-[n-¡p-ó kÀ-¡mÀ \n-b-a-§Ä ]-cn-jv-I-cn-¡p-ó-Xn-sâ `m-K-am-bm-Wv kÀ-¡mÀ hy-àn-kzmX-´y \n-b-aw ]-cn-jv-I-cn-¡m³ Xo-cp-am-\n-¨Xv. C-Xn-sâ `m-K-am-bn {]-[m-\-a-{´n-bpsS Hm-^o-kv kÀ-¡mÀ D-tZymK-Ø-tcm-Sv D-Nn-Xam-b \nÀ-t±-i-§Ä k-aÀ-¸n-¡m³ \nÀ-t±-in-¡p-I-bm-bn-cpóp. C-tX Xp-SÀ-óm-Wv hn-Nn-{Xam-b \nÀ-t±-i-§Ä kÀ-¡mÀ D-tZym-K-ØÀ k-aÀ-¸n-¨Xv. ssewKn-I _-Ô-¯n-teÀ-s¸-Sm-\p-Å {]m-bw 14 B-¡-W-sa-ó \nÀ-t±-iw a-{´n-amcpw A-h-cp-sS D-]-tZ-i-Icpw \n-c-kn-¨p.
F-ómð \á-Xm \nb-aw ]-cn-jv-I-cnv-¡p-ó Imcyw C-t¸mgpw a-{´n-am-cp-sS ]-cn-K-W-\-bn-emWv. {_n-«-\n-se sX-cp-hp-I-fn-eq-sSbpw _o-¨p-I-fn-eq-sSbpw \-á-cm-bn \-S-¡p-ó-Xn-\v \n-e-hnð hn-e-¡p-I-fpïv. F-ómð \n-b-a-]-cn-jv-Im-cw h-cp-ó-tXm-sS \-á-cm-bn \-S-¡m³ B-{K-ln-¡p-ó-hÀ-¡v A-d-kv-äv t]-Sn-¡m-sX kz-X-{´-am-bn hn-e-km-hp-ó-Xm-Wv. _o-¨p-I-fnð \-á-cm-bn Ip-fn-¡p-I, s]m-Xp-Ø-e-§-fnð \-á-cm-bn {]-Xy-£-s¸Sp-I Xp-S-§n-b-h Xp-S-§n-b-h 1824 hm-{K³-kn B-Îv {]-Im-cw Ip-ä-I-c-am-Wv.
Xn-c-sª-Sp-¸n-\v ap³-]v ]pXn-b {^o-Uw _nð ]m-Êm-¡m³ k-JyI-£n kÀ-¡mÀ {]-Xn-Úm-_-²-am-sW-óv tU-hn-Uv Im-a-dqWpw \n-¡v s¢-¤pw an-UvtSw dn-hyphn-t\m-Sv A-\p-_-Ôn-¨v \-S¯n-b kw-bp-à ]-{X-k-t½-f-\-¯nð hy-à-am-¡n-bn-cp-óp. 21þmw \q-äm-ïn-te-¡v {_n«-s\ cq-]-s¸-Sp-¯n F-Sp-¡p-ó-Xn-sâ `m-K-am-bn \-½p-sS hy-àn-kzmX-´y \n-b-a-§-fnð Im-Xem-b ]-cn-jv-Im-c-§Ä h-cp-t¯ï-Xv B-h-iy-am-sW-óv C-cp-hcpw Nq-ïn-¡m-«n-bn-cp-óp.
1875em-Wv {_n-«-\nepw A-bÀ-e-ïn-epw ssew-Kn-I-_-Ô-¯n-teÀ-s¸-Sp-ó-Xn-\p-Å Np-cp§n-b {]m-bw ]-{´-ïnð \n-óv ]-Xn-aq-óm-bn D-bÀ-¯n-bXv. ]-¯v hÀ-j-¯n-\v ti-jw ssew-Kn-I-_-Ô-¯n-teÀ-s¸-Sm-\p-Å Np-cp§n-b {]mbw {In-an-\ð tem A-a³-Uv-saâv B-În-sâ ]-cn-[n-bnð DÄ-s¸-Sp-¯n ]-Xn-\m-dm-bn D-bÀ-¯p-I-bm-bn-cpóp. F-ómð C-Xv Ip-d-bv-¡-W-sa-óv Nn-e kzm-X-´y-hm-Zn-IÄ h-f-sc-Im-e-am-bn B-h-iy-s¸«p-sIm-ïn-cn-¡p-I-bmWv. Iu-am-c-¡mÀ ]-Xn\-ôv h-b-Êm-Ip-t¼m-tg¡pw ssew-Kn-I-_-Ô-¯n-teÀ-s¸-Sm³ B-h-iyam-b im-cocn-I am-\kn-I h-fÀ-¨ t\-Sn-bn-cn¡pw F-óm-Wv C-h-cp-sS hm-Zw.
ssewKn-I _-Ô-¯nð GÀ-s¸-Sm³ B-h-iyam-b Np-cp§n-b {]m-bw ]-Xn-\m-dnð \n-óv ]-Xn-\m-ev B-¡p-ó-tXm-sS Ip-«nI-sf ]o-Un-¸n-¡p-ó-hÀ-¡v c-£-s]-Sm-\p-Å A-h-k-c-am-Ip-sa-óv Nq-ïn-¡m-«póp, ]-Xn-\m-dv h-b-Ênð Xm-sg {]m-b-ap-Å Ip-«nI-sf kp-c-£n-Xamb ssew-Kn-I-_-Ô-s¯ Ip-dn¨pw A-\mh-iy KÀ-`-[m-cW-s¯ Ip-dn-¨pw t_m-[-h-Xv-I-cn¡p-I {]-b-m-k-tadn-b Im-cy-am-sW-óv Nq-ïn-¡m-Wn-¡-s¸-Spóp. ]pXn-b \nÀ-t±-i§-sf Ip-dn-¨v s]m-Xp-P-\-§-fp-sS C-S-bnð I-\-¯ {]-Xn-tj-[-ap-bÀ-óp I-gnªp. F-ómð s]m-Xphm-b \nÀ-t±-i-§-fp-sS Iq-«-¯nð C-hbpw s]-Sp-saópw \-S-¸n-em-¡m³ ]m-Snñm-¯-h ]qÀ-®-am-bpw D-t]-£n-¡p-saópw {]-[m-\-a-{´n-bp-sS h-Iv-Xm-hv ]-d-ªp. D-tZym-K-ØÀ \ðIn-b Cu \nÀ-t±-iw cm-{ão-b-X-e-¯n-se-¯n-b-t¸mÄ ]qÀ-®-ambpw D-t]-£n-¨-Xm-bn sUv-]yq-«n {]-[m-\-a-{´n \n-¡v s¢-¤n-sâ h-àm-hv A-dn-bn-¨p.
F-ómð s]m-Xp-Ø-e-§-fn-se \á-Xm {]-ZÀi-\w kw-_-Ôn-¨ _nð ]-cn-K-W-\-bn-em-sWópw D-tZym-K-ØÀ _nñn-sâ Ic-Sv X-¿m-dm-¡n sIm-ïn-cn-¡p-I-bm-sW-ópw Uu-Wnw-Kv kv-{So-äv A-dn-bn¨p. C-Xv kw-_-Ôn-¨v hn-i-Zam-b NÀ-¨-IÄ \-S-¯p-saópw Uu-Wnw-Kv-kv kv-{So-äv h-àm-hv A-dn-bn¨p. \n-e-hnð \yq-Un-Ìv _o-¨p-IÄ t]m-se-bp-ÅnS-¯v \á-Xm {]-ZÀi-\w A-\p-h-Zn-¨n-«p-ïv. a-äp-Å-hÀ-¡v i-ey-ap-ïm-¡m-¯ co-Xn-bnð \-á-Xm-{]-ZÀi-\w \-S-¯m-\p-Å A-\p-hm-Zw \ð-Im-\p-Å kzm-X-´y-am-Wv K-h-¬-saâv ]-cn-K-Wn-¡p-óXv.
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