Cw-¥o-jv ^pSv-t_m-fdm-b tU-hn-Uv s_-¡mapw `m-cy hn-tÎmdn-b s_-¡mapw tNÀ-óv e-ï³ \-K-c-¯nð hm§n-b ]pXnb sIm-«m-c-k-Zr-iyam-b B-Uw-_-c ho-«n-se ku-I-cy-§Ä B-tc-bpw A-¼-c-¸n-¡p-ó-Xv. 150 hÀ-jw ]-g-¡-apÅ sIm-«-c k-Zr-iyam-b Cu ho-Sv A-Sp-¯n-sS-bm-Wv 30 an-ey¬ ]u-ïv apS-¡n s_-¡mw Z-¼-Xn-IÄ kz-´-am-¡n-b-Xv.
F-«v In-S-¸p-ap-dn-I-fpw G-gv _m-¯v dq-ap-Ifpw A-S-§p-ó ho-Sv aq-óv \n-e-I-fn-em-bm-Wv ]c-óv In-S-¡p-óXv. a-km-Pv skâ-dp-w sh-Å-¨m-«-hpw AS-¡w Fñm B-Uw-_-c ku-I-cy-§-tfmSpw Iq-Sn-bm-Wv ho-Sv Un-ssk³ sN-bv-Xn-cn-¡p-óXv. tem-¡ð Iu¬-kn-en-\v k-aÀ-¸n-¨ dn-ó-th-j³ ]-²-Xn-bn-em-Wv 1880 I-fnð \nÀ-½n-¨ ho-Sn-sâ ku-I-cy§-sf Ip-dn-¨v hn-i-Zam-b hn-hc-Ww D-Å-Xv.
9000 N-Xpc-{i A-Sn-bm-Wv sam-¯w sI-«n-S-¯n-sâ hn-kv-XoÀ®w. hn-tÎmdn-b s_-¡m-an-sâ A-Sp-¯ kp-lr¯m-b sIñn tlm-¸-\m-Wv sIm-«-c-¯n-sâ Câo-cn-bÀ Un-ssk³ sN-bv-Xn-cn-¡p-óXv. C-Xn-\v th-ïn am{Xw A-ô v-an-ey¬ ]u-ïv sN-e-hm-¡n-b-Xm-bn ]-d-bpóp. G-ähpw Xmg-s¯ \n-e-bnð Pn½pw a-km-Pv ]mÀ-e-dp-amWv. C-hn-sS-bp-ïm-bn-cp-ó kzn-½nw-Kv ]qÄ aq-Sn-b-ti-jw A-hn-sS B-Uw-_-c kv-]m-bv-¡v th-ï ku-I-cy-§Ä H-cp¡n. a-km-PnwKpw kv-]m-bp-sam-s¡ B-kz-Zn-¡m-\m-bn k-ao]-¯v X-só sh-Å-¨m-«hpw Ir-{Xn-a-am-bn \nÀ-½n-¨n-«p-ïv.
B-Zy-s¯ \n-e-bn-em-Wv A-Xym-[p\n-I ku-I-cy-ap-Å A-Sp-¡-fbpw a-äpw. hn-tÎmdn-b s_-¡m-an-sâ Un-ssk-\À h-kv-{X-§Ä {]-ZÀ-in-¸n-¡p-ó-Xn-\v th-ïn H-cp h¼³ Iym-äv hm-¡v dmw-]m-Wv H-cp-¡n-bn-«p-ÅXv. B-Zy-s¯ \n-e-bnð X-só-bm-Wv B-bn-cw N-Xp-c-{iA-Sn hn-kv-XoÀ-®-ap-Å am-ÌÀ s_-Uv-dqapw a-äpw.
c-ïma-s¯ \n-e-bnð aq-óv s_-Uv-dq-ap-I-fpw _m-¯v-dq-ap-I-fp-am-Wv H-cp-¡n-bn-cn-¡p-óXv. Ip-«n-IÄ-¡v th-ïn-bp-Å-XmWv Cu \n-e. aq-óma-s¯ \n-e-bnð kzn-½nw-Kv-]qfpw an-\n-_mdpw H-cp-¡n-bn-«pïv. sI-«n-S-¯n-se \-hoI-c-W {]-hÀ-¯-\-§Ä C-Xph-sc XoÀ-ón-«nñ.
sI³-knw-Kv-S-Wn-se H-cp ho-«n-em-Wv s_¡mw Z-¼-Xn-Ifpw A-h-cp-sS \m-ev a¡fpw Xm-a-kn-¡p-óXv. F-´m-bmepw s_¡mw Z-¼-Xn-I-fp-sS ho-Sv am-äw C-¯n-cn I-Sp¯p-t]m-sb-óm-Wv A-kq-bm-ep-¡Ä ]-d-bp-óXv.
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