{Ku-ïnð Nn-dI-äv ho-W i-e-`-§Ä

{In¡-äv Fó-Xv I-fn-¡m-sc kw-_-Ôn-¨n-S-t¯m-fw shdp-sam-cp I-fnbñ, Po-hn-X-¯n\pw a-c-W-¯n\pw C-S-bn-se \qð-¸m-e-amWv. B- \qð-¸m-e-¯n-eq-sS A-¡-c-sb-¯m-\p-Å {i-a-¯n-\n-S-bnð Nn-dI-äv ho-W \n-ch-[n i-e-`-§-fm-Wv {In-¡-än-ep-Å-Xv. {Ku-ïnð \nð-¡p-t¼mÄ aq-fn-¸m-ªv h-cp-ó Hmtcm ]´pw I-fn-¡m-sc kw-_-Ôn-¨n-S-t¯m-fw a-c-W-¯n-sâ Zq-Xp-am-bn F-¯p-ó-h-bmWv. B-kv-t{S-en-b-bnð {]m-tZin-I a-Õ-c-¯n-\n-sS ]-´v X-e-bnð sIm-ïv a-cn-¨ ^n-en-¸v lyq-kv AS-¡w \n-ch-[n {]-Xn-`-I-fm-Wv A-Im-e-¯nð {Ku-ïnð ho-Wv s]m-en-ª-Xv.

ku-¯v sh-ð-kv So-an-se ^m-Ìv _u-fÀ ko³ B-_-«n-sâ aq-fn-¸m-ªp-h-ó H-cp _u¬-k-dm-Wv ^nð lyq-kn-sâ Po-h-s\-Sp-¯Xv. X-{´-§Ä \n-d-ª {In¡-äv I-fn-bv-¡n-S-bnð I-fn-¡m-c-s\ k-½À-±-¯n-em-¡n hn¡-äv sIm-¿m³ _u-fÀ F-Sp-¡p-ó am-c-Im-bp-[-am-Wv _u¬kÀ. Að-¸w {i-²-]m-fn-bmð A-Xv Po-h-s\-Sp-t¯-¡mw. ]-g-b-I-fn-¡-f-§-fnð \n-óv {In¡-äv H-cp-]m-Sv am-dn-bn-cn-¡póp. kp-c-£m-kw-hn-[m-\-§fpw X-{´-§fpw H-s¡… F-ón-«pw A-]-I-S-§Ä B-hÀ-¯n-¡-s¸-Sp-óp.

{Ku-ïnð a-cn-¨p-ho-W-h-tc-¡mÄ ]-cp-t¡-äv I-cn-bÀ X-só A-h-km-\n-¸n-t¡-ïn h-ó-h-cm-Wv G-sd. C-´y³ {In¡-äv So-an-sâ \m-b-I-\m-bn-cp-ó \-cn sP. tIm¬-{Sm-Î-dp-sS Po-hn-Xw X-só D-Zm-l-cWw. {In-¡-än-se Po-hn-¡p-ó c-à-km-£n-I-fnð H-cm-fm-Wv \-cn tIm¬-{Sm-ÎÀ. 1962 se sh-kv-äv-C³-Uo-kv ]-cy-S-\-¯nð _mÀ-_-tUm-kn-\v F-Xncm-b a-Õ-c-¯n-em-bn-cp-óp \-cn tIm¬-{Sm-Î-dp-sS {In¡-äv I-cn-b-dn-\v hn-cm-a-an-« kw`-hw \-S-óXv. {_n-Pv-Su¬ sI³-kn-§vS¬ Hm-h-enð \-S-ó a-Õ-c-¯nð NmÀ-fn {Kn-^n-¯n-sâ sU-en-h-dn-bm-Wv \-cn tIm¬-{Sm-Î-dp-sS h-e-Xp-sN-hn-bp-sS A-Sp-¯m-bn ]-Xn-¨Xv. A-óv X-e-tbm-«n-bv-¡v am-c-I-am-bn ]-cp-t¡-äv \-cn tIm¬-{Sm-ÎÀ B-dv Zn-h-k-am-Wv B-ip-]-{Xn-bnð A-t_m-[m-h-Ø-bnð I-gn-ªXv. tem-Iw {In¡-äv ssZ-h-sa-óv hm-gv-¯p-ó k-¨n³ sS-ïpð-¡-dp-sS A-c-t§-ä a-Õ-c-¯nð h-JmÀ bp-\q-kn-sâ _u¬-kÀ ap-J-¯n-Sn-¨v ]-cp-t¡-ä hn-h-chpw tem-I-¯n-\-dn-bmw. ]-cp-¡v am-c-I-añm-¯-Xn-\mð k-¨n-\v I-cn-bÀ Xp-S-cm-\mbn.

{In-¡-än-sâ N-cn-{X-¯nð ^nð-lyq-kv A-S-¡w 12 Xm-c-§-fm-Wv {Ku-ïn-se A-]-I-S-§-fn-ð a-cn-¨n-«p-Å-Xv. {In-¡-än-sâ N-cn-{X-¯nð ]-´v sIm-ïv H-cp Xm-c-¯n-sâ ac-Ww B-Zy-am-bn dn-t¸mÀ-«v sN-¿p-ó-Xv 1870 I-fn-emWv. Cw-¥o-jv Xm-c-am-bn-cpó tPmÀ-Öv k-t½-gv-kv(25) B-bn-cp-óp B l-X-`m-Ky³. temÀ-Uv-knð \-Só t\m-«nw-Kv-lmw-j-b-Àþ Fw-kn-kn- a-Õ-c-¯n-em-bn-cp-óp kw-`hw. t\m-«nw-Kvlmw j-b-dn-\v th-ïn-bm-bn-cp-óp k-t½-gv-kv _m-äv sN-bv-XXv. a-Õ-c-¯n-\n-S-bnð X-eb-¡v ]-´v sIm-sï-¦nepw Nn-In-Õ tX-Sm-sX k-t½-gv-kv I-fn-Xp-S-cp-I-bm-bn-cpóp. \m-ev Zn-h-k-¯n-\v ti-j-am-Wv k-t½-gv-kv a-cn-¨-Xv.

1942 ð temÀ-Uv-knð h-¨v \-S-¡p-ó a-Õ-c-¯n-\n-sS lr-Z-bm-Lm-Xw aq-ew A-´-cn-¨ B³-Un Uyq-¡m-äv (1942) ]-«n-I-bnð c-ïm-a-t¯Xv. A-t±-l-¯n-\v 56 h-b-Êm-bn-cp-óp. 1959 ð I-dm-¨n-bnð \-S-ó {]m-tZin-I a-Õ-c-¯n-\n-sS ]-´v s\-ôn-en-Sn-¨v ]m-Iv _m-äv-kv-am³ B-bn-cp-ó A-ÐpÄ A-ko-kv(18) A-´-cn-¨n-cpóp. ]-cp-t¡-ä A-ko-kn-s\ B-ip-]-{Xn-bnð F-¯n-¡pw ap³-]v X-só ac-Ww kw-`-hn-¨n-cpóp. lr-Z-b-¯n-sâ Øm\-¯v ]-´v h-ón-Sn-¨-Xm-Wv a-c-W-¯n-\v Im-c-W-am-b-Xv.

1989 ð Cw-¥o-jv Xm-c-am-bn-cp-ó hnð-^v Ém-¡v (34) Kmw-_n-b-bnð \-S-ó H-cp-{]m-tZin-I a-Õ-c-¯nð h-¨v Ipg-ªv ho-Wv a-cn-¡p-I-bp-ïmbn. ap³-]v \-S-ó a-Õ-c-§-fnð-¡n-S-bnð h-¨v \m-ev X-h-W Ém-¡v X-e-Id-§n ho-Wn-cpóp. tUm-ÎÀ-amÀ-¡v C-Xp-h-tcbpw Ém-¡n-sâ a-c-W-Imc-Ww I-sï-¯m³ km-[n-¡m¯-Xv Xo-cm-th-Z-\-bm-Ip-óp. 1993 ð sUÀ-_n-j-bdpw hÀ-¡nw-Kv-SWpw X-½n-ep-Å {]m-tZin-I a-Õ-c-¯nð I-fn¡-th ]-´v I-®n-\v Xm-sg h-ón-Sn-¨v Cw-¥o-jv _m-äv-kv-am\m-b C-bm³ t^m-fn a-cn-¨n-cpóp. ]-cp-t¡ä t^m-fn-sb B-ip-]-{Xn-bn-te-¡v sImïp-t]mIpw h-gn lr-Z-bm-Lm-Xw kw-`-hn-¨-Xm-bn-cp-óp a-c-W-Im-c-Ww.

1998 ð C-´y³ _m-äv-kv-am-\m-bn-cp-ó c-a¬ emw-_ ]-´v sIm-ïv a-cn-¡p-I-bp-ïm-bn. [m-¡-bnð \-S-ó H-cp ¢-ºv a-Õ-c-¯nð I-fn¡-th ]-´v X-e-bnð sIm-ïm-bn-cp-óp emw-_-bp-sS A-´yw. aq-óv Zn-h-k-t¯m-fw B-ip-]-{Xn-bnð A-t_m-[m-h-Ø-bnð In-S-ó emw-_ ]n-óo-Sv a-c-W-¯n-\v Io-g-S-§p-I-bm-bn-cp-óp. 2006 ð ]m-In-Øm³ {In-¡-äv-Xm-c-am-bn-cp-ó hkow cm-P Cw-¥o-jv Iu-ïn {In-¡-änð k-td-bv-¡v th-ïn I-fn¨p-sIm-ïn-cn¡-th lr-Z-bm-Lm-Xw h-óv a-cn-¨p. 2009 ð Cw-¥o-jv A-¼-b-dm-bn-cp-ó Hm-Iv hn-³ sP³-In³-kv (72) ]-´v sIm-ïv a-cn-¨n-cp-óp. H-cp eo-Kv am-¨v \n-b-{´n¡-th ^oð-UÀ F-dn-ª ]-´v A-_-²-¯nð sP³-In³-kn-\v sIm-Åp-I-bm-bn-cp-óp.

2012 ð Cw-¥o-jv Xm-c-am-bn-cp-ó dn-¨mÀ-Uv t_m-au-ïv I-fn-¡n-sS lr-Z-bm-Lm-Xw h-óv a-cn-¡p-I-bp-ïm-bn. 2013 ð ]m-In-Øm³ Xm-c-am-bn-cp-ó kpÄ-^n-¡À `m-«n(22) H-cp {]m-tZin-I a-Õ-c-¯nð I-fn¡-th ]-´v h-ón-Sn-¨v a-cn-¨n-cp-óp. C-tX hÀ-jw X-só ku-¯v B-{^n-¡³ hn¡-äv Io-¸À _m-äv-kv-am\m-b Um-sc³ dm³-UmÄ(32) ]-´v X-e-bnð h-ón-Sn-¨-Xn-s\ Xp-SÀ-óv a-cn-¨n-cp-óp. ku-¯m-{^n-¡-bn-se H-cp {]m-tZin-I a-Õ-c-¯n-\n-S-bn-em-bn-cp-óp kw-`-hw.

2014 ð hoïpw {In-¡-än-\v I-dp-¯ Zn-\w k-½m-\n-¨p-sIm-ïv ^nð lyq-kn-sâ A-´yw. A-´m-cm-{ã a-Õ-c§-sf A-t]-£n-¨v Iq-Sp-Xð I-Sp-¯ I-fn-bm-Wv {]m-tZin-I a-Õ-c-§-fnð \-S-¡p-óXv. Hmtcm I-fn-¡m-c\pw X-§-fp-sS {]-IS-\w sa-¨-s¸-Sp-¯p-ó-Xn-\v th-ïn Iq-Sp-Xð A-{I-a-W-Im-cn-I-fm-Ipóp. ]-ïv Ime-¯v _u¬-k-dp-IÄ¡pw _o-a-dp-IÄ¡pw \n-b-{´-W-§-fp-ïm-bn-cp-ónñ. {In¡-äv sS-Iv-\n-¡p-I-fp-sS I-fn-bm-bn-cp-ó A-¡m-e¯v A¯-cw ]-´pI-sf H-gn-hm¡n-sIm-ïv ]-c-amh-[n {Io-kp-I-fnð ]n-Sn-¨p-\nð-¡m-\m-bn-cp-óp _m-äv-kv-am³-amÀ {i-an-¨n-cp-ó-Xv.

C-óv _u¬-k-dp-IÄ¡pw _o-a-dp-IÄ¡pw \n-b-{´-Ww hóp. Hm-tcm-h-dnð Hm-cp _u¬-kÀ am-{Xw. _o-a-dp-IÄ F-dn-bm-s\ ]m-Snñ. X-{´-§Ä am-dn. I-fn-bp-sS ssZÀLyw Ip-dªp. Hmtcm I-fn-¡m-c\pw Hmtcm ]´pw hn-e-s¸-«-Xmbn. AXp-sIm-ïv X-só tam-iw c-]-´p-IÄ t]mepw I-fn-¡m³ _m-äv-kv-am³-amÀ \nÀ-_-Ôn-X-cm-Ipóp. d¬kpw hn-¡äpw am-{X-am-Wv I-fn-¡m-cp-sS e-£yw. kp-c-£m-kw-hn-[m-\-§Ä F-{X-sa-¨-s¸-«mepw A-]-I-S-§Ä F-hnsS-sbms¡tbm ]-Xn-bn-cn-¡p-óp-ïv F-óv X-só-bm-Wv ^nð lyq-kn-sâ acWw HmÀ-½-s¸-Sp-¯p-ó-Xv.

I-fn-¡-f-¯nð sNdn-b Im-e-b-fhp-sIm-ïv X-sâ km-ón[yw tIm-dn-bn-« sN-dp-¸-¡m-c-\m-bn-cp-óp ^nð. ]-t£ D-Z-b-¯n-\v ap³-t] A-kv-X-an-¡m-\m-bn-cp-óp \n-tbmKw. A-Xn-t\-¡mÄ `o-I-c-am-Wv lyq-kn-sâ Pn-h-s\-Sp-¯ ]-s´-dn-ª ko³ B-_-«n-sâ Ah-Ø. X-sâ ssI-¿nð \n-óv No-dn-¸mªp-t]m-b H-cp ]-´v k-l-I-fn-¡mc-sâ Po-h-s\-Sp-s¯-ó Nn-´ B-_-«n-sâ I-c-n-bÀ X-só {]-Xn-k-Ôn-bn-em-¡n-bn-cn-¡p-I-bmWv. I-fn-¡m-cp-tSbpw {In¡-äv tem-I-¯n-tâbpw ]n´p-W B-_-«n-\p-sï-¦nepw lyq-kn-sâ hn-tbm-K-¯nð hn-§p-I-bm-Wv B_-«v F-óm-Wv {In¡-äv B-kv-t{S-en-b-bnð \n-óp-Å kq-N-\-IÄ. AXp-sIm-ïv X-só-bm-Wv ^nð lyq-kn-sâ hn-tbm-Kw {In¡-äv t{]-anI-sf kw-_-Ôn-¨v H-cp Zp-c-´-am-Ip-óXv.