Ip-Sn-tb-ä-¡mÀ cm-Py-t¯-¡v {]-th-in-¡p-ó-Xn-\v ap-tóm-Sn-bmbn X-§-fp-sS s]¬a¡-sf h-Ôyw-I-c-W-¯n-\v hn-t[-b-cm-¡n-sñ-óv H-¸n-«v \ð-I-W-sa-óv k-ó-² kw-L-S-\-IÄ. h-Ôyw-Ic-Ww \n-b-a hn-cp-²-am-sW-ó t_m-[yw Fñm-h-cnepw h-cp-¯n-¡p-ó-Xn-\m-Wv C-sX-óm-Wv k-ó-² kw-L-S-\m {]-hÀ-¯-I-cp-sS hm-Zw. bp-sI-bnð kv-{Xo-I-fp-sS h-Ôyw-Ic-Ww hym-]-I-am-bn \-S-¡p-óp-sï-ó dn-t¸mÀ-«p-IÄ ]pd-¯p h-ó-Xn-sâ A-Sn-Øm-\-¯n-em-Wv k-ó-² kw-L-S-\-I-fp-sS \o-¡w. {]-Xn-hÀ-jw 75 ap-Xð 80 kv-{Xo-IÄ …

tI-c-f-¯n-sâ s\-ôn-Sn-¸v D-bÀ-¯nb apñ-s¸-cn-bmÀ hn-j-b-¯nð kp-{]ow tImS-Xn ]p-d-s¸-Sp-hn-¨ hn-[n {]-iv-\-]-cn-lm-cw DS-s\ Hópw km-[y-am-In-sñ-ó kq-N-\ X-só-bm-Wv \ð-Ip-ó-Xv.

{_n-«-Wn-se e-£-¡-W-¡n-\v kq-¸À am-À-¡-äp-Ifpw sd-tÌm-dâp-Ifpw l-emð ao-äm-sW-ó kXyw ad-¨v sh-¨v D-]-tbm-àm¡-sf I-_-fn-¸n-¡póp. C-Éman-I co-Xn A-\p-k-cn-¨v ar-K_-en \-S-¯n-bmð A-Xv CÉmw a-X hn-izm-kn-IÄ¡pw Añm-¯-hÀ¡pw D-]-tbm-Kn-¡m-saó-Xv a-d-bm-¡n-bm-Wv C-¯-c-¡mÀ em-`w sIm-¿p-óXv. \yq-kn-em³-Unð \nópw aäpw F-¯p-ó B-«n-d-¨n-bnð 70 i-X-am-\hpw l-emð C-d-¨n-bmWv. F-ómð C-h-bp-sS ]p-dw-N-«-Ifn-tem, te-_-ep-Ifntem …

{_n«-sâ Xo-c {]-tZ-i-§-fnð 60 ssa-ð th-K-X-bn-ep-Å i-àam-b Im-än\pw a-g¡pw km-[y-X-bp-sï-óv Im-em-h-Ø \n-co-£-W tI-{µw. {_n«-sâ Fñm {]-tZ-i-§-fnepw a-g e-`n-¡p-saópw s]-s«-óp-ïm-Ip-ó sh-Å-s¸m-¡-¯n\pw km-[y-X-bp-sï-óp-w Im-em-h-Ø \n-co-£-W tI-{µw ap-ó-dn-bn-¸v \-ð-Ip-óp. bp-sI-bp-sS sX-¡³ {]-tZ-i-§-fnepw sX-¡v ]-Sn-ªm-d³ {]-tZ-i-§-fn-ep-am-Ipw G-ähpw i-àam-b a-g e-`n¡p-I F-óm-Wv Im-em-h-Ø \n-co-£-W-tI{µw \ð-Ip-ó …

hn-Zym-`ym-k \n-e-hm-c-¯nð bq-tdm-]y³ cm-Py-§-fnð bp-sI-bv-¡v cïmw Øm-\hpw temI-¯v Bdmw Øm-\-hpw. G-jy³ cm-Py-§-fp-sS H-cp ¢-kv-ä-dm-Wv ap-IÄ-¯-«n-se \m-ev Øm-\-§Ä kz-´-am-¡n-bn-cn-¡p-ó-Xv. hn-Zym-`ym-k-¯n-sâ Im-cy-¯nð G-ä-hpw D-bÀ-ó dm-¦nw-Kv ku-¯v sIm-dn-b-¡m-Wv. D-ó-X hn-Zym-`ym-kw, C-âÀ-\m-jv-Wð kv-IqÄ sS-kv-äv F-ón-h-bp-sS A-Sn-Øm-\-¯n-em-Wv dm-¦nw-Kv \n-Ý-bn-¨n-cn-¡p-ó-Xv. G-jy³ cm-Py-§-fn-se hn-Zym-`ym-k k-{¼-Zm-b-¯n-sâ hn-P-b-am-Wv dm-¦nw-Kv …

bpsI-bn-se B-ip-]-{Xn-I-fnepw ¢n-\n-¡p-I-fnepw tPm-en sN-¿q-ó C-´y³ tUm-ÎÀ-amÀ tPm-en-bnð \n-óv H-gn-hm-¡-s¸-Sm³ km[y-X Iq-Sp-X-em-sW-óv I-W-¡p-IÄ. {_n-«-Wnð ]-cn-ioe-\w kn-²n¨ tUm-ÎÀ-am-sc tPm-en-bnð \n-e-\nÀ-¯m-\m-Wv B-ip-]-{Xn-Ifpw aäpw ap³K-W-\ \ð-Ip-ó-Xv. C-´y-bnð ]-cn-ioe-\w t\Snb tUm-ÎÀ-amÀ-¡v tPm-en \-ã-s¸-Sm³ \m-ev Cc-«n h-sc km[y-X Iq-Sp-X-em-sW-óm-Wv I-W-¡p-IÄ kq-Nn-¸n-¡p-ó-Xv. P-\-dð sa-Un-¡ð Iu¬-kn-en-sâ I-W-¡p-IÄ …

At¸m-bv³-saâp-IÄ-¡v ^o-kv GÀ-s¸-Sp-¯p-ó-Xn-s\ Ip-dn-¨v Pn-]n tUm-ÎÀ-amÀ B-tem-Nn-¡p-ó-Xm-bn dn-t¸mÀ-«v. {_n-«o-jv ]-{Xam-b sU-bn-en sa-bn-em-Wv C-Xv dn-t¸mÀ-«v sN-bv-XXv. H-cp X-hW-s¯ A-t¸m-bnâv-saân-\v 25 ]u-ïv ^o-kv GÀ-s¸-Sp-¯p-ó-Xn-\m-Wv Pn-]n-IÄ B-tem-Nn-¡p-ó-Xv. 1948ð F³-F-¨v-F-kv {]-hÀ¯-\w B-cw-`n-¨-Xn-\v ti-jw C-Xm-Zy-am-bm-Wv C-¯-c-¯nð H-cp \o-¡w \-S-¡p-óXv. Pn-]n tUm-ÎÀ-am-sc Im-Wp-ó-Xn-\m-bn tcm-Kn-IÄ-¡v \m-ev B-gv-¨-IÄ …

{_n-«-Wnð {]m-b-am-b-h-scbpw tcm-Kn-I-sfbpw ip-{iq-jn-¡p-ó-Xn-\v G-P³-kn-IÄ \n-tbm-Kn-¡p-ó B-tcm-Ky ]-cn-]m-e-IÀ (sI-bdÀ) ¡v Cw-¥o-jv kw-km-cn-¡m³ A-dn-bm-sa-óv Dd-¸v h-cp-¯-W-sa-óv D-]-tZ-i-I k-an-Xn-bp-sS \nÀ-t±iw. B-tcm-Ky h-Ip-¸n-sâ im-kv-{Xo-b Im-cy D-]-tZ-i-I³ tUm. sj-co³ lq-sk-bv-\m-Wv C-¡mcyw _n-_n-kn-bp-sS tdUntbm ss^-hn-eq-sS sh-fn-s¸-Sp-¯n-b-Xv. tam-iam-b `m-jm ss\-]p-Wyw tam-iam-b B-tcm-Ky ]-cn-]m-e-\-¯n-te¡pw tam-iam-b s]-cp-am-ä-¯n-te¡pw h-gn-sh-bv-¡p-sa-óv …

{]k-h-k-ab-¯v a-cn-¡p-ó A-½-am-cp-sS F-®-¯nð 1990 ap-Xð 45 i-X-am-\w Ipd-hv h-ón-«p-sï-óv tem-Im-tcm-Ky kw-L-S-\-bp-sS ]T-\ dn-t¸mÀ«v. {]-k-h k-ab-¯v A-½-amÀ a-cn-¡p-ó-Xn-sâ Im-c-W-§-fn-te-¡p-Å ]pXn-b I-sï-¯-ep-IÄ Iq-sS-bm-Wv temIm-tcm-Ky kw-L-S-\-bp-sS dn-t¸mÀ-«v. 1990 ð A-ôp e-£-¯n-te-sd kv-{Xo-I-fm-Wv {]-k-h k-ab-¯v a-cn-¨n-cp-ó-Xv. F-ómð C-Xv 2013ð F-¯n-b-t¸mÄ 289,000 B-bn Ip-d-sª-óm-Wv …

Agp-¡v ]-Ww, \ñ ]-Ww F-óp-tïm F-ópÅ tNm-Zy-¯n-\v an-¡-h-cp-sSbpw D-¯-cw, ]-Ww Fñmw H-cp t]m-se A-tñ F-ó a-dp tNm-Zy-am-bn-cn-¡pw. F-ómð ]-Ww No-¯-bm-sW-óm-Wv C-t¸mÄ im-kv-{X-tem-Iw I-sï-¯n-bn-cn-¡p-óXv. ]-Ww t\-Sp-ó amÀ-K-s¯-bñ im-kv{X-tem-Iw D-t±-in-¨-Xv, _m-¦v t\m-«p-I-fnð A-S-§n-bn-cn-¡p-ó _m-Îo-cn-b-sb-bm-Wv. H-cp i-cmi-cn _m-¦v t\m-«nð 26,000 A-Wp-¡-Ä D-sï-óm-Wv im-kv-{X-Ú-òmÀ …