bpsI-bn-se B-ip-]-{Xn-I-fnepw ¢n-\n-¡p-I-fnepw tPm-en sN-¿q-ó C-´y³ tUm-ÎÀ-amÀ tPm-en-bnð \n-óv H-gn-hm-¡-s¸-Sm³ km[y-X Iq-Sp-X-em-sW-óv I-W-¡p-IÄ. {_n-«-Wnð ]-cn-ioe-\w kn-²n¨ tUm-ÎÀ-am-sc tPm-en-bnð \n-e-\nÀ-¯m-\m-Wv B-ip-]-{Xn-Ifpw aäpw ap³K-W-\ \ð-Ip-ó-Xv. C-´y-bnð ]-cn-ioe-\w t\Snb tUm-ÎÀ-amÀ-¡v tPm-en \-ã-s¸-Sm³ \m-ev Cc-«n h-sc km[y-X Iq-Sp-X-em-sW-óm-Wv I-W-¡p-IÄ kq-Nn-¸n-¡p-ó-Xv. P-\-dð sa-Un-¡ð Iu¬-kn-en-sâ I-W-¡p-IÄ …

At¸m-bv³-saâp-IÄ-¡v ^o-kv GÀ-s¸-Sp-¯p-ó-Xn-s\ Ip-dn-¨v Pn-]n tUm-ÎÀ-amÀ B-tem-Nn-¡p-ó-Xm-bn dn-t¸mÀ-«v. {_n-«o-jv ]-{Xam-b sU-bn-en sa-bn-em-Wv C-Xv dn-t¸mÀ-«v sN-bv-XXv. H-cp X-hW-s¯ A-t¸m-bnâv-saân-\v 25 ]u-ïv ^o-kv GÀ-s¸-Sp-¯p-ó-Xn-\m-Wv Pn-]n-IÄ B-tem-Nn-¡p-ó-Xv. 1948ð F³-F-¨v-F-kv {]-hÀ¯-\w B-cw-`n-¨-Xn-\v ti-jw C-Xm-Zy-am-bm-Wv C-¯-c-¯nð H-cp \o-¡w \-S-¡p-óXv. Pn-]n tUm-ÎÀ-am-sc Im-Wp-ó-Xn-\m-bn tcm-Kn-IÄ-¡v \m-ev B-gv-¨-IÄ …

{_n-«-Wnð {]m-b-am-b-h-scbpw tcm-Kn-I-sfbpw ip-{iq-jn-¡p-ó-Xn-\v G-P³-kn-IÄ \n-tbm-Kn-¡p-ó B-tcm-Ky ]-cn-]m-e-IÀ (sI-bdÀ) ¡v Cw-¥o-jv kw-km-cn-¡m³ A-dn-bm-sa-óv Dd-¸v h-cp-¯-W-sa-óv D-]-tZ-i-I k-an-Xn-bp-sS \nÀ-t±iw. B-tcm-Ky h-Ip-¸n-sâ im-kv-{Xo-b Im-cy D-]-tZ-i-I³ tUm. sj-co³ lq-sk-bv-\m-Wv C-¡mcyw _n-_n-kn-bp-sS tdUntbm ss^-hn-eq-sS sh-fn-s¸-Sp-¯n-b-Xv. tam-iam-b `m-jm ss\-]p-Wyw tam-iam-b B-tcm-Ky ]-cn-]m-e-\-¯n-te¡pw tam-iam-b s]-cp-am-ä-¯n-te¡pw h-gn-sh-bv-¡p-sa-óv …

{]k-h-k-ab-¯v a-cn-¡p-ó A-½-am-cp-sS F-®-¯nð 1990 ap-Xð 45 i-X-am-\w Ipd-hv h-ón-«p-sï-óv tem-Im-tcm-Ky kw-L-S-\-bp-sS ]T-\ dn-t¸mÀ«v. {]-k-h k-ab-¯v A-½-amÀ a-cn-¡p-ó-Xn-sâ Im-c-W-§-fn-te-¡p-Å ]pXn-b I-sï-¯-ep-IÄ Iq-sS-bm-Wv temIm-tcm-Ky kw-L-S-\-bp-sS dn-t¸mÀ-«v. 1990 ð A-ôp e-£-¯n-te-sd kv-{Xo-I-fm-Wv {]-k-h k-ab-¯v a-cn-¨n-cp-ó-Xv. F-ómð C-Xv 2013ð F-¯n-b-t¸mÄ 289,000 B-bn Ip-d-sª-óm-Wv …

Agp-¡v ]-Ww, \ñ ]-Ww F-óp-tïm F-ópÅ tNm-Zy-¯n-\v an-¡-h-cp-sSbpw D-¯-cw, ]-Ww Fñmw H-cp t]m-se A-tñ F-ó a-dp tNm-Zy-am-bn-cn-¡pw. F-ómð ]-Ww No-¯-bm-sW-óm-Wv C-t¸mÄ im-kv-{X-tem-Iw I-sï-¯n-bn-cn-¡p-óXv. ]-Ww t\-Sp-ó amÀ-K-s¯-bñ im-kv{X-tem-Iw D-t±-in-¨-Xv, _m-¦v t\m-«p-I-fnð A-S-§n-bn-cn-¡p-ó _m-Îo-cn-b-sb-bm-Wv. H-cp i-cmi-cn _m-¦v t\m-«nð 26,000 A-Wp-¡-Ä D-sï-óm-Wv im-kv-{X-Ú-òmÀ …

{_n-«-\n-se tdm-Up-I-fnð tSmÄ GÀ-s¸-Sp-¯-W-sa-óv {Sm³kv-t]mÀ-«v ske-Îv I-½-än-bp-sS dn-t¸mÀ«v.

{]o-b-s¸-«-hÀ-¡v ad-hn tcm-Kw _m-[n-¡pó-Xv aq-ew sXm-gn-em-fn-IÄ A-h-[n-sb-Sp-¡p-Itbm tPm-en-ka-bw sh-«n-¡p-d-bv-¡p-Itbm sN-¿p-ó-Xn-\mð {_n-«o-jv _n-kn-\-Ên-\v {]-Xn-hÀjw 1.6 _n-ey¬ ]u-ïn-sâ \-ã-ap-ïm-Ip-ó-Xm-bn Nm-cn-än-IÄ. {_n-«-\nð Un-a³-jy tcm-Kn-I-fp-sS F-®-¯nð h³ hÀ-²\-hv D-ïm-b-Xn-\mð tPm-en D-t]-£n¨p-t]m-Ip-ó-h-cp-sS F-®-¯nepw hÀ-²\-hv D-ïm-bn-«p-sï-ó I-W-¡p-IÄ kq-Nn-¸n-¡p-óp.

hmÀ-²-IyIm-e hn{i-a Po-hn-Xw \-bn-¡p-ó B-fp-IÄ Iq-Sp-Xð \-S-¡p-I-bm-sW-¦nð lr-Z-bm-Lm-X-¯n-\p-Å km[y-X Ip-d-hm-bn-cn-¡p-sa-óv ]T\w. Iq-Sp-Xð Zq-c-¯nepw th-K-¯nepw \-S-¡p-ó-hÀ-¡m-bn-cn¡pw lr-Z-bmLm-X km[y-X G-ähpw Ip-d-sh-óm-Wv C-t¸mÄ ]pd-¯v h-ón-cn-¡p-ó ]T-\-§Ä kq-Nn-¸n-¡p-ó-Xv. 65 h-b-Ên-\v ap-I-fnð {]m-b-ap-Å-hÀ Ir-Xy-am-bn Cu co-Xn ]n³-Xp-SÀ-ómð lr-Zbm-tcmKyw Im-¯v kq-£n-¡m³ I-gn-bpw. tPm-en-bnð \n-óv hn-c-an-¨ ti-jw …

{_n-«o-jv kÀ-¡mÀ \-S-¸m-¡n-s¡m-ïn-cn-¡p-ó slð-¸v Sp _-bv kv-Io-an-\v \n-b-{´-W-w GÀ-s¸-Sp-¯-W-sa-óv km-¼¯n-I \n-co-£IÀ. bp-sI-bn-se ]u-c-òmÀ-¡v ho-Sp hm-§p-ó-Xn-\m-bn km-¼¯n-I k-lm-bw \ð-Ip-ó kÀ-¡mÀ ]-²-Xn-bm-Wv slð-¸v Sp _-bv. kÀ-¡mÀ Cu ]²-Xn \-S-¸m-¡n Xp-S-§n-b-tXm-sS-bm-Wv bp-sI-bn-se ]-e {]-tZ-i-§-fnepw `q-an-bp-sSbpw ho-Sn-sâbpw hn-e Ip¯-s\ D-bÀ-óXv. \n-e-hn-se D-bÀ-ó `-h-\ hn-e …

2050 B-Ip-t¼m-tg¡pw {_n-«-Wn-se I-dp-¯ hÀ-K-¡mcpw hwio-b \yq-\-]-£-§fpw tNÀ-ó-Xm-bn-cn¡pw aq-ónð H-óv P-\-kw-Jy-bp-sa-óv dn-t¸mÀ-«v. {_n-«-Wnð \yq-\-]-£ hw-i-P-cp-sS F-®w hÀ-²n-¨v h-cp-ó-Xm-bn t\c-s¯ X-só dn-t¸mÀ-«p-I-fp-ïm-bn-cp-óp. 2050 B-Ip-t¼m-tg¡pw C-Xv hÀ-²n-¨v B-sI P-\-kw-Jy-bp-sS aq-ónð H-óm-Ip-sa-óm-Wv ]pXn-b dn-t¸m-À-«n-se hn-e-bn-cp-¯-ep-IÄ. ]-¯v h-b-Ên-\v Xm-sg-bp-Å \m-ep Ip-«n-I-fnð H-cmÄ C-t¸mÄ X-só …