ap³ Z-£n-Wm-{^n-¡³ {]-knUâv s\ð-k¬ atï-e Nn-In-Õ-tbm-Sv {]-Xn-I-cn-¨v Xp-S-§n-b-Xm-bn dn-t¸mÀ-«pIÄ. F-ómð A-t±-lw C-t¸mgpw Kp-cp-X-cm-h-Ø-bnð X-só-bm-sWópw A-t±-l-¯n-\v th-ïn {]mÀ-°n-¡-W-saópw Z-£n-Wm-{^n-¡³ {]-knUâv tP¡-ºv kp-a A-`yÀ-°n-¨p. a-tïe-sb B-ip-]-{Xn-bnð k-µÀ-in-¨ ti-jw am-[y-a {]-h-À¯-I-tcm-Sv kw-km-cn-¡p-I-bm-bn-cp-óp kpa.
kz-Im-cy ta-J-e-bnð Iq-Sp-Xð sXm-gn-e-h-k-c-§Ä kr-ãn¡p-I F-ó D-t±-i-t¯m-sS t\mÀ-t¯¬ A-bÀ-em³-Un-\v ]pXn-b km-¼¯n-I ]-²-Xn {]-[m-\-a-{´n tU-hn-Uv Im-a-dq¬ C-óv {]-Jym-]n-¡pw. t\mÀ-t¯¬ A-bÀ-em³-Un-se ^-Ìv, sU-]yq-«n ^-Ìv an-\n-ÌÀ-am-cp-sS km-ón-[y-¯nð Im-a-dq¬ C-Xv kw-_-Ôn-¨ I-cm-dnð H-¸p sh-bv-¡pw.
AÀ-Pâo-\-bp-sS X-e-Øm-\amb _yqW-kv A-tb-gv-kn-\v k-ao-]w H-cp ]m-k-ôÀ {S-bn³ A-]-I-S-¯nð s]-«v aq-óv t]À a-cn-¨p. 155 t]À-¡v ]-cp-t¡äp. I-gn-ª hÀ-jhpw C-tX Ø-e-¯v {S-bn³ A-]-I-S-ap-ïm-bn 51 t]À a-cn-¨n-cpóp.
A-h-[n-¡m-ew B-tLm-jn-¡m³ Ip-Spw-_-t¯m-sSm-¸w e-ï-\n-se¯n-b C-´ym-¡m-cnbm-b s]¬-Ip-«n-sb Im-Wm-\n-sñ-óv ]-cmXn. C-´y-¡m-cnbm-b F-a³ jm (17) F-ó s]¬-Ip-«n-sb B-Wv Pq¬ 10 ap-Xð Im-Wm-Xm-bXv. s]¬-Ip-«n-sb Ip-dn-¨v F-s´-¦nepw hnh-cw e-`n-¡p-ó-hÀ t]m-eo-kn-s\ A-dn-bn-¡-W-sa-óv t]m-eo-kv A-`yÀ-°n-¨p.
G-ähpw Iq-Sp-Xð a-c-W-\n-c-¡p-Å IcÄ-tcm-K-§Ä-¡v t\-sc F³-F-¨vF-kv ap-Jw Xn-cn-¡p-ó-Xm-bn dn-t¸mÀ«v. I-cÄ tcm-Kw _m-[n-¨-hÀ-¡n-S-bnð a-c-W \nc-¡v Iq-Sm³ Imc-Ww F³-F-¨v-F-knsâ Cu hn-th-N-\-am-sWópw dn-t¸mÀ-«v Nq-ïn-¡m-«p-óp.
ho-Sv tamj-Ww a-Sp-¯ X-kv-¡-c³-amÀ C-t¸mÄ I-fw-am-än-N-hn«n. N-cn{Xw D-d-§pó sj-^oÄ-Un-se I-¯o-{Uð ]-Ån-bnð kq-£n-¨n-cp-ó {]ap-J hy-àn-I-fp-sS i-h-s¸-«n-I-fm-Wv tam-jWw-t]m-bXv. \q-äm-ïp-IÄ-¡v ap-¼v kw-kv-I-cn-¨ ar-X-tZ-l-§Ä tam-jWw-t]m-b-tXmsS G-sd N-cn-{X {]m-[m-\y-ap-Å hn-h-c-§-fm-Wv \-ã-s¸-«n-cn-¡p-ó-sXóv ]p-cm-h-kv-Xp K-th-j-IÀ A-`n-{]m-b-s¸«p.
sNssó:C-\n I-¼nb-Sn \nÀ-¯mw. A-Xym-h-iy-¡m-sc B-Ëm-Zhpw Zpx-Jhpw A-dn-bn-¡m-\m-bn F-¯n-bn-cpó I¼nbSn¡v NcaKoXw. 1850ð Ið¡¯bnð {_n«ojpImÀ XpS§nb sSen{Km^v kÀhokv 160 hÀj¯n\ptijw Ahkm\n¸n¡pIbmWv.
sIm-¨n:Iq-«p-Im-cn-I-fp-sS \-á-Nn{Xw e-ï-\n-ep-Å Im-apI-\v ssI-amdn-b B-ephbn-se Fw_n-F hn-ZymÀ-Yn-\nbm-b ]-¯-\w-Xn-« ]p\eqÀ Cf¼mÄ ¹m¯d ho«nð \nanj tPm-k-^ns\ (22) C-óp tIm-S-Xn-bnð lm-P-cm-¡pw.
tIm«-bw:tI-c-f-¯n-se tIm¬-{K-kn-\p-Ån-se {Kq¸v-t]m-cv L-S-I-£nI-sf F-{X-am{Xw A-kz-Ø-am-¡p-óp-sh-ó-Xn-\v sX-fn-hm-bn ap-J-{]-kwKw. tI-cf tIm¬-{K-kv am-Wn {Kq-¸n-sâ ap-J-]-{Xam-b {]-Xn-Ým-b-bn-em-Wv tIm¬-{K-kn-se {Kq-¸v bp²s¯ cq£ambn hnaÀin¨v apJ{]-kw-Kw {]-kn-²o-I-cn-¨n-cn-¡póXv.
Xn-cp-h-\-´-]p-cw:kw-Øm-\-kÀ-¡m-cn-sâ G-ä-hpw-hen-b sh-Åm-\bm-b K-Xm-K-X-h-Ip-¸n-s\ A-gn-a-Xn-hn-ap-à-am-¡m³ Ejn-cm-Pv knwKv sF-]n-F-kn-\v I-gnbp-tam-sb-ó B-Imw-£-bn-em-Wv {]-hm-kn-IÄ DÄ-s¸-sS tI-c-f P\-X.