]-Sn-ªm-d³ B-{^n-¡³ cm-Py-§-fnð am-c-Iam-b F-t_mf tcm-Kw ]-SÀ-óp ]n-Sn-¡p-ó-Xm-bn dn-t¸mÀ-«v. A-{^n-¡³ cm-Pyam-b Kn-\n-b-bn-em-Wv G-ähpw A-[n-Iw tI-kp-IÄ dn-t¸mÀ-«v sN-bv-Xn-«p-ÅXv. sXm-«v A-bð-cm-Pyam-b sse-_n-cn-b-bnð B-Zy-s¯ tI-kv I-gn-ª Znh-kw dn-t¸mÀ-«v sN-bv-Xp.

C-´y-bn-se bpF-kv Aw-_m-kn-UÀ \m³-kn ]-hð cm-Pn-h-¨p. bpF-kv Fw_-kn ]p-d-¯n-d¡n-b ]-{X-¡p-dn-¸n-em-Wv \m³-kn cm-Pn-h-¨-Xm-bn A-dn-bn-¨Xv. cm-PnI-¯v A-ta-cn-¡³ {]-knUâv _-cm-Iv H-_m-a-bv-¡v A-b¨p-sIm-Sp-¯-Xm-bn Fw_-kn ]-{X-¡p-dn-¸nð A-dn-bn-¨p.

bm-sXm-cp A-Sn-Øm-\-hp-anñm-¯ X-kv-Xn-I-IÄ kr-ãn-¨v F³-F-¨vF-kv s]m-Xp J-P-\m-hnð \n-óv e-£-§Ä \-ã-s¸-Sp-¯p-ó-Xm-bn dn-t¸mÀ«v.

tXm-óp-ó k-ab-¯v `£-Ww I-gn-¡p-ó hy-ànbm-tWm \n§Ä. F-¦nð \n-§Ä-¡v s]m-®¯-Sn h-cm-\p-Å km[y-X G-sd-bmWv. Ir-Xyam-b k-ab-¯v `£-Ww I-gn-¡p-ó hy-à-IÄ-¡v i-co-c-`m-cw \n-b-{´n-¡m³ km-[n-¡p-saópw ]pXn-b ]T-\-§Ä kq-Nn-¸n-¡póp. t^mÀ-k k-¹n-saâv-kn-sâ am-t\-Pnw-Kv U-b-d-Îdm-b eo-kv-an-¯m-Wv C-Xv kw-_-Ôn-¨ ]T-\w \-S-¯n-b-Xv.

F-XnÀ-So-an-se I-fn-¡mc-sâ k-a-tbm-Nn-Xam-b C-S-s]-Sð ^pSv-t_mÄ Xm-c-¯n-sâ Po-h³ c-£n¨p. bp-s{I-bv³ {]o-an-bÀ eo-Kv am-¨n-em-Wv a-\p-jy-kv-t\-l-¯nâ A-]qÀ-Æ \n-an-jw k-½m-\n-¨ kw`-hw A-c-t§-dn-bXv. bp-s{I-bv³ ^pSv-t_mÄ Xm-cw H-se-lv Kp-tk-hn-sâ Po-h-\m-Wv F-XnÀ-So-an-se I-fn-¡m-c\m-b P-_m I³¦m-h c-£n-¨Xv.

C-cp]-Xv hÀ-jw ap³-]v ]-c-kv]-cw thÀ-]n-cn-ª A-½bpw a-Ifpw t^-kv-_p-¡v h-gn I-ïp-ap«n. A-½bm-b km-dm tam-t{_-bpw(41) a-IÄ sI-bv-se-Kv ta-cn hm-Sv-kp-am-Wv c-ïp ]-Xn-äm-ïp-IÄ-¡n-¸p-dw t^-kv-_p-¡n-eq-sS I-ïp-ap-«n-bXv. cïvp h-b-Êp-Å-t¸mÄ X-sâ A-Sp-¯v \n-óv thÀ-]n-cn-ª a-IÄ-¡v sN-dp-¸-¯nse Xsâ A-tX ap-J-Ñm-b X-só-bm-Wv F-ó-Xm-Wv aI-sf Xn-cn-¨-dn-bm³ kmd-sb k-lm-bn-¨-Xv.

_n-«-\n-se hÀ-²n-¨p-h-cpó s]m-®¯-Sn {]-iv-\w ]-cn-l-cn-¡m³ B-tcm-Ky h-Ip-¸v d-tÌm-dâp-IÄ-¡v hnhn-[ \nÀ-t±-i-§Ä \ð-In. I-dn d-kv-täm-dâp-I-fnð ku-P-\y-am-bn \ð-Ip-ó ]-¸-Sw \n-tcm-[n-¡p-I, tS-¡v F-th-I-fnð `£-Ww \ð-Im-\m-bn sN-dn-b I-sï-bv-\-dp-IÄ \ð-Ip-I, sNdn-b ]n-Ê-IÄ D-ïm¡p-I Xp-S§n-b \nÀ-t±-i-§-fm-Wv \ð-In-bn-cn-¡p-óXv. Un-¸mÀ-«v-saâv Hm-^v slð-¯n-sâ sd-kv-t]m¬-kn-_n-en-än Uoð t{]m-{Km-an-sâ sh-º-ssk-än-em-Wv Cu \nÀ-t±-i-§Ä D-Å-Xv.

bp-In-]v t\-Xm-hv \o-sKð ^-cm-Kv tem-I-t\-Xm-hm-bn B-cm-[n-¡pó-Xv d-jy³ {]-knUâv hv-fm-Un-aÀ ]p-Sn-s\ B-sW-óv sh-fn-s¸-Sp-¯ð. PÀ-½³ Nm³-k-edm-b B³sP-e saÀ-¡ð X-Wp-¸³ {]-Xn-I-c-W-§Ä \-S-¯p-ó t\-Xm-hm-sWópw ^-cm-Kv Xp-d-ó-Sn¨p. PnIyq am-K-ko-\v \ðIn-b A-`n-ap-J-¯n-em-Wv ^-cm-Kv X-sâ Xmð-¸-cy§-sf Ip-dn-¨v sh-fn-s¸-Sp-¯n-bXv.

I-½yq-Wn-Ìv ssN-\-bp-sS X-só N-cn-{X-¯n-se G-ähpw hen-b A-gna-Xn \-S-¯n-b t\-Xm-hn-sâ kz-¯p-¡Ä I-ïp-sI«n. G-I-tZ-iw 1450 tIm-Sn tUm-fdn (86,000 tIm-Sn cq-])sâ kz-¯p-¡-fm-Wv I-ïp-sI-«n-bXv.

{_-ko-ep-Im-c\m-b Aw-K-c-£-I-\p-am-bn A-hn-ln-X-_-Ô-ap-sï-ó B-tcm-]W-s¯ Xp-SÀ-óv CâÀ-\m-j-Wð sU-h-e-¸v-saâv an-\n-Ìdm-b A-e³ U¦-sâ ]mÀ-e-saâ-dn ss{]-h-ä sk-{I-«-dnbpw tSm-dn Fw-]n-bpam-b amÀ-¡v sa³-kn-kv Øm-\w cm-Pn-h¨p.