{_n«s\ Im¯ncn¡póXv h³ DuÀP {]XnkÔn. {_n«s\ Im¯ncn¡pó DuÀP {]XnkÔn kw_Ôn¨v \mjWð {KnUpw, Kh¬saâpw bYmÀ° IW¡v ad¨p sh¨Xmbn DuÀP taJebnse Hcp {][m\ I¼\nbmb Fkv Fkv C Ipäs¸Sp¯póp. {_n«¬ t\cnSm³ t]mIpó bYmÀ° DuÀP {]XnkÔn Kh¬saâv {]hNn¡póXnt\¡mð KpcpXcambncn¡psaómWv Fkv Fkv C ]dbpóXv. {_n«³sd …

{_n-«o-jv ]mÀ-e-saâv F-en-i-ey-¯mð _p-²n-ap-«p-ó-Xm-bn dn-t¸mÀ«v. F-en-hnj-s¯ t]m-epw A-Xn-Po-hn-¡p-ó X-c-¯nð P-\n-X-I-am-äw kw-`-hn-¨ F-en-I-fm-Wv ]mÀ-e-saân-sâ A-I-¯-f-§Ä ssI-¿-S-¡n-bn-cn-¡p-ó-Xv. am-c-Iam-b A-kp-J-§Ä ]-c-¯p-ó F-enI-sf Xp-c-¯m³ A-Sn-b-´n-c \-S]-Sn kzo-I-cn-¡-W-sa-óv {]-[m-\-a{´n tU-hn-Uv Im-a-dq¬ \nÀ-t±-iw \ð-In-bn-cn-¡p-I-bm-Wv.

\m-b-bp-am-bn s]m-Xp-Øe-¯v h-¨v ssew-Kn-I-_-Ô-¯n-teÀ-s¸-« kv-IqÄ hn-ZymÀ-°n-sb t]m-eo-kv tIm-S-Xn-bnð lm-P-cm-¡n. 15 Im-c\m-b hn-ZymÀ-°n \m-b-bp-am-bn ssew-Kn-I-_-Ô-¯nð GÀ-s¸-Spó-Xv t\-cnð I-ï Zr-Iv-km-£n-IÄ t]m-eo-knð ]-cm-Xn-s¸-Sp-I-bm-bn-cp-óp. hn-ZymÀ-°n-bv-¡v F-Xn-tc C-hÀ tIm-S-Xn-bnð sam-gn \ðIn. \n-b-a-]-cam-b Im-c-W-§-fmð Ip-äm-tcm-]n-X\m-b hn-ZymÀ-°n-bp-sS t]-cv hn-h-c-§Ä ]p-d-¯p-hn-«n-«nñ.

ssk-\nI-\v s]³-j³ e-`n-¡m³ {]-[m-\-a{´n C-S-s]-S-W-sa-ó B-hiyw i-à-am-Ip-óp. G-I-tZ-iw ]-Xn-\m-bn-c-t¯m-fw {_n-«o-jp-Im-cm-Wv Cu B-h-iy-ap-ó-bn-¨v cwK-¯v F-¯n-bXv. {_n-«o-jv tk-\-bnð skÀPâv Bb ssa-¡ð B³-tU-gv-k-\m-Wv 72 a-Wn-¡q-dn-sâ hy-Xym-k-¯nð 175,000 ]u-ïn-sâ s]³-j³ \-ã-am-Ip-ó-Xv.

]ncn¨p hn« 2,000 Poh\¡msc F³ F¨v Fknð hoïpw XncnsI FSp¡póXmbn te_À t\Xmhv FUv anen_m³Uv. Poh\¡mÀ IqSpXemWv Fó ImcWw ]dªp ]ncn¨p hn«Xmbncpóp Chsc. Ignª XncsªSp¸n\p tijw 2,300 Hmfw F³ F¨v Fkv Poh\¡msc \nÀ_ÔnXambn ]ncn¨p hn«XmbmWv dnt¸mÀ«v. 100,000 ]uïne[nIw Nnehm¡nbmWv Poh\¡mcpsS tkh\w …

a\pjysâ Xetbm«n sImïv ]Ån \nÀ½n¨p. t]mfïnemWv Cu hnNn{Xamb ]Ån \nÀ½mWw. Xetbm«nIfpw AØnIfpw D]tbmKn¨mWv ]Ån \nÀ½n¨ncn¡póXv. Xetbm«nbpw AØnIfpw hymPsaóv IcpXnbmð sXän, bXmÀ° AØnIfpw Xetbm«nIfpw D]tbmKn¨mWv ]Ån \nÀ½n¨ncn¡póXv. t]mfïnse 30 hÀjt¯mfw \oïp \nó B`y´c bp²¯nð acn¨ BfpIfpsS AØnIqS§Ä BWnh. 1776 \pw 1804 …

F³-F-¨v-F-kn-sâ N-cn-{X-¯n-se X-só G-ähpw tam-iamb ssi-Xy-Im-e-¯n-\m-Wv {_n-«o-jp-ImÀ km£yw h-ln-¡m³ t]m-Ip-ó-sX-óv ap-ó-dn-bn-¸v.

A-Sp-¯-Im-e-¯pïm-b km-¼-¯n-I-amµyw H-gn-¨p-\nÀ-¯n-bmð temI-¯v Po-hn-¡m³ G-ähpw \ñ cm-Py-§fn-sem-óm-Wv {_n-«-s\-óv kÀ-tÆ. HmÀ-K-ss\-tk-j³ t^mÀ F-¡-tWm-an-Iv tIm Hm-¸-td-j³ B³-Uv sU-h-e-¸v-saâv 35 cm-Py-§-fnð \-S¯n-b ]T-\-¯nð \n-óm-Wv {_n-«³ ap-ón-se-¯n-bXv. hy-àn kpc-£, tPm-en-kp-c-£n-X-Xzw, k-¼mZyw XpS-§n Fñm ta-J-e-I-fnepw bp-sI ap-ón-se-¯n.

]-Xn-\m-ev h-b-Êp-Å {_n-«o-jp-Im-cnbm-b ap-Éow s]¬-Ip-«n-sb tXm-¡v Nq-ïn `o-j-Wn-s¸-Sp-¯n hn-hm-lw I-gn-¸n-¨-Xm-bn ]-cmXn. C-t¸m-fv 17 h-b-Êp-Å s]¬-Ip-«nsb hn-hm-l-ti-jw c-ïm-gv-N-tbm-fw `À-¯m-hv _-em-Õw-Kw sN-bv-X-Xmbpw ]-cm-Xn-bpïv. ]m-In-Øm³ hw-i-Pcm-b am-Xm-]n-Xm-¡-fm-Wv kz-´w aI-sf tXm-¡v Nq-ïn `o-j-Wn-s¸-Sp-¯n-bXv.

\m-ev h-b-Êp-Å s]¬-Ip-«n-sb h-fÀ-¯p\m-b I-Sn¨p-sImóp. t\m-«nw-Kv-lmw kz-tZ-inbm-b se-Iv-kn l-Uv-k¬ F-ó s]¬-Ip-«n-sb B-Wv h-f-À-¯p\m-b I-Sn¨p-sIm-óXv. Ip-«n-sb c-£n-¡m-\p-Å {i-a-¯n-\n-S-bnð A½ tPm-Un-bv¡pw ]-cp-t¡-äp.