bp-In-]v t\-Xm-hv \o-sKð ^-cm-Kv tem-I-t\-Xm-hm-bn B-cm-[n-¡pó-Xv d-jy³ {]-knUâv hv-fm-Un-aÀ ]p-Sn-s\ B-sW-óv sh-fn-s¸-Sp-¯ð. PÀ-½³ Nm³-k-edm-b B³sP-e saÀ-¡ð X-Wp-¸³ {]-Xn-I-c-W-§Ä \-S-¯p-ó t\-Xm-hm-sWópw ^-cm-Kv Xp-d-ó-Sn¨p. PnIyq am-K-ko-\v \ðIn-b A-`n-ap-J-¯n-em-Wv ^-cm-Kv X-sâ Xmð-¸-cy§-sf Ip-dn-¨v sh-fn-s¸-Sp-¯n-bXv.

I-½yq-Wn-Ìv ssN-\-bp-sS X-só N-cn-{X-¯n-se G-ähpw hen-b A-gna-Xn \-S-¯n-b t\-Xm-hn-sâ kz-¯p-¡Ä I-ïp-sI«n. G-I-tZ-iw 1450 tIm-Sn tUm-fdn (86,000 tIm-Sn cq-])sâ kz-¯p-¡-fm-Wv I-ïp-sI-«n-bXv.

{_-ko-ep-Im-c\m-b Aw-K-c-£-I-\p-am-bn A-hn-ln-X-_-Ô-ap-sï-ó B-tcm-]W-s¯ Xp-SÀ-óv CâÀ-\m-j-Wð sU-h-e-¸v-saâv an-\n-Ìdm-b A-e³ U¦-sâ ]mÀ-e-saâ-dn ss{]-h-ä sk-{I-«-dnbpw tSm-dn Fw-]n-bpam-b amÀ-¡v sa³-kn-kv Øm-\w cm-Pn-h¨p.

kmw-kv-ImcnI ssh-hn[yw t{]m-Õm-ln-¸n-¡p-ó X-c-¯n-ep-Å I-fn-IÄ t{]m-Õm-ln-¸n-¡p-ón-sñ-óv Im-«n \-gvk-dn kv-Iq-fns\ Hm-^v-Ì-Uv X-cw-Xm-gv¯n.

kv-Io-bnw-Kn-\n-sS X-e-bn-Sn-¨v ho-Wv aq-óv am-k-am-bn tIm-am-bnð I-gn-bpó t^mÀap-e h¬ Nm-¼y³ ssa-¡ð jq-am-¡À-¡v th-ïn kzn-ÌÀ-em³-Un-se _w-¥m-hnð H-cp B-ip-]{Xn X-só Xp-S-§m³ `m-cy tIm-dn-ó jq-am-¡À ]-²-Xn-bn-Spóp. ]-¯v an-ey¬ ap-S-¡n _w-¥mhn-t\m-Sv tNÀ-óv B-ip-]{Xn kyq-«v H-cp-¡m-\m-Wv ]-²-Xn-bn-Sp-ó-Xv.

-I-§-fm-bn A-t\z-jI-sc Ip-g-¡n-bn-cp-ó \n-[n-tiJ-cw a-d-ªn-cn-¡p-ó Ø-ew A-h-km-\w sh-fn-s¸«p. cïmw tem-I-a-lm-bp-²-¡me-¯v \m-kn-IÄ Io-g-S-§n-b-t¸mÄ A-h-cp-sS ]-¡-ep-ïm-bn-cp-ó h³ \n-[n-tiJ-cw F-hn-sS H-fn-¸n-¨p Fó-Xv N-cn-{X-¯nð H-cp h³ k-a-ky-bm-bn-cp-óp.

F-aÀ-P³-kn kÀ-Æo-kv D-tZym-K-ØÀ ]m-sª-¯p-t¼m-Ä kz-´w ]-cp-¡v h-I-sh-bv-¡m-sX A-½-bp-sS Po-h³ c-£n-bv-¡m-\p-Å {i-a-¯n-em-bn-cp-óp B G-gv h-b-Êp-Imcn.

au-do-jy-kn-se sIm-Spw-]o-U-\-¯nð \n-óv c-£-tX-Sn bp-sI-bn-te-¡v Ip-Sn-tbdn-b hn-ZymÀ-°n-\n bmjn-I `m-Ko-c-Yn-sb R-b-dmgv-N au-do-jy-kn-te-¡v \m-Sv I-S-¯pw.

A-´m-cm-{ã \m-W-b \n-[n-bnð \n-óv bp-s{I-bv-\v 1400 tIm-Sn ap-Xð 1800 tIm-Sn tUm-fÀh-sc [-\-k-lm-bw \ð-Im³ Xo-cp-am-\n¨p.

239 bm-{X-¡m-cp-am-bn Im-WmXm-b a-te-jy-³ FbÀ-sse³-kn-sâ Fw-F-¨v 370 hn-am-\w A-an-X-th-K-Xn-bn-em-bn-cp-óp k-ô-cn-¨n-cp-ó-sX-óv sh-fn-s¸-Sp-¯ð.