`m-c-X I-t¯m-en-¡ k-`-bp-sS Hu-óXyw H-óp-Iq-Sn D-bÀ¯n-sIm-ïv C-óv h-¯n-¡m-\nð \-S-ó Zn-hy_-en at[y {^m³-ko-kv c-ïm-a³ am-À-]m-¸ c-ïv k-`m-c-Xv-\§-sf H-tc-ka-bw hn-ip-²-cm-bn {]-Jym-]n-¨p. hn-ip-²am-b Po-hn-Xw sIm-ïv a-äp-Å-hÀ-¡v ]mT-am-bn XoÀ-ó Nm-h-d Ip-cym-t¡m-kv A-¨-t\bpw G-hp-{]m-k-½-tbbpw B-Wv am-À-]m-¸ C-óv hn-ip-²-cm-bn {]-Jym-]n-¨Xv. G-sd I-S-¼-IÄ I-S-óm-Wv ssZ-h-¯n\pw a-\p-jy-\p-an-S-bn-ep-Å a-[y-Ø ]-Z-hn-bn-te-¡v C-cp-hcpw F-¯p-ó-Xv. kz-´w Po-hn-Xw sIm-ïv hn-ip-²n-bp-sS AÀ-°w a-\-Ên-em-¡n X-ó-h-cm-bn-cp-óp C-cp-h-cpw.
`m-c-X-¯n-se B-Zy hn-ip-²-bm-bn Að-t^m³-km½-sb {]-Jym-]n-¨v B-dv hÀ-jw ]n-ón-Sp-t¼m-gm-Wv c-ïv t]-sc Iq-Sn hn-ip-² K-W-¯n-te-¡v D-bÀ-¯n-b-Xv. c-ïv \q-äm-ïv ap³-]v \-ap-¡n-S-bnð Po-hn-¨ C-cp-hcpw c-ïv ssI-h-gn-I-fn-eq-sS H-gp-In A-\y-cp-sS Po-hnX-s¯ k-¼p-ã-am-¡n-bn-cp-óp k-aq-ln-I \-ho-I-c-W-¯n-\m-bn-cp-óp ssh-Zn-I-hr-¯n-bn-eq-sS Nm-h-d-b-¨³ ap³K-W-\ \ð-In-bn-cp-ó-sX-¦nð Aßo-b \-ho-I-c-W-¯n-\m-bn-cp-óp G-hp-{]m-k-½ B-Zy-]-cn-K-W-\ \ð-In-bp-cp-ó-Xv.
1805 s^-{_qh-cn F-«n-\m-bn-cp-óp Nm-h-d Ip-cym-t¡m-kv þ a-dn-bw Z-¼-Xn-I-fp-sS a-I-\m-bn Nm-h-d-b-¨³ P-\n-¨Xv. {]m-Yan-I hn-Zym-`ym-k-¯n-\v ti-jw 11þmw h-b-Ênð sshZn-I hn-ZymÀ-°n-bm-b Nm-h-d-b-¨³ 13þmw h-b-Ênð ]-Ån-¸p-dw sk-an-\m-cn-bn-se-¯n. hm-b-\-bn-eq-sS A-dn-hp-IÄ kzm-b-¯-am¡n-b Nm-h-d-b-¨³ A-h kz-´w Po-hn-X-¯nepw A-\y-cp-sS Po-hn-X-¯nepw {]-Im-iw ]-c-¯m³ D-]-tbm-Kn-¨p. 1829 em-Wv ]p-tcmln-X hr-¯n kzo-I-cn-¡p-ó-Xv.
tI-c-f-N-cn-{X-¯nð H-gn-¨p-Iq-Sm-\m-Im-¯ H-cp \m-a-am-Wv Nm-h-d Ip-cym-t¡m-kv A-¨-tâXv. I-t¯m-en-¡m-k-`-tbbpw A-Xph-gn tI-c-f-t¯bpw \-thm-°m-\-¯n-te-¡v \-bn-¨ A-t±-l-¯n-sâ kw-`m-h-\-IÄ hn-e-a-Xn-¡m-\m-Im-¯-XmWv. AK-Xn a-µn-chpw A-¨-Sn-im-e-bpw, kv-Iq-fp-Ifpw Xp-S-§n A-t±-l-¯n-sâ B-i-b-§Ä \n-c-h-[n-bm-bn-cpóp. ]-Ån-IÄ-s¡m-¸w ]-Ån-¡q-S-§fpw th-W-saópw kv-Iq-fp-I-fnð D-¨¡-ªn \ð-I-W-sa-óp-ap-Å B-t±-l-¯n-sâ B-i-b-§-fm-Wv tI-c-f-¯n-se hn-Zym-`ym-k cwK-¯v h³ Ip-Xn-¸n-\v Im-c-W-am-bn XoÀ-óXv. kn-Fw-sF k-`-bv-¡v ]p-d-ta kn-Fw-kn k-\ym-kn-aThpw Øm-]n¨p-sIm-ïv A-t±-lw I-t¯m-en-¡m-k`-sb Iq-Sp-Xð ]p-tcm-K-Xn-bn-te-¡v \-bn-¨p.
a-e-bmfw, X-angv, kw-kv-Ir-Xw Xp-S§n-b C-´y³ `m-j-IÄ-¡v ]pd-ta e-¯o³, kp-dn-bm\n, t]mÀ-¨v-Ko-kv `m-j-bnepw hn-Z-Kv-²-\m-bn-cp-óp Nm-h-d-b-¨³. F-gp-¯m-bn-cp-óp A-t±-l-¯n-sâ a-säm-cp am-[yaw. H-cp \ñ Ip-Spw-_-¯n-\v th-ïn A-t±-lw F-gpXn-b H-cp \ñ A¸-sâ Nm-h-cpÄ F-ó A-t±-l-¯n-sâ a-c-W-imk-\w G-sd {]-kn-²-am-Wv.\n-ch-[n C-S-b \m-S-I-§fpw B-²ymßn-I Ir-Xn-Ifpw Nm-h-d-b¨-sâ Xq-en-I-Xp-¼nð \n-óv a-e-bm-f-¯n-\v e-`n-¨n-«p-ïv. 1871 P-\ph-cn aq-ón-\m-Wv Nm-h-d-b-¨³ a-cn-¡p-óXv. Iq-\-½m-hv ]-Ån-bp-sS a-Zv-_-d-bn-em-bn-cp-óp A-t±l-s¯ A-S-¡n-bXv. ]n-óo-Sv 1889 ta-bv 24 Iq-\-½m-hv B{i-a tZ-hm-e-b-¯nð \n-óv Xn-cp-ti-jn-¸p-IÄ am-óm-\-¯n sImïp-t]m-bn B{i-a tZ-hm-e-b-¯nð kw-kv-I-cn-¨p.
1936 em-Wv Nm-h-d-b¨-sâ t]-cn-ep-Å \m-aI-c-W \-S-]-Sn-IÄ B-cw-`n-¡p-ó-Xv. 1984 G-{]nð G-gn-\v A-t±-l-s¯ [-\y-\m-bn {]-Jym-]n-¨p. 1986 ð hm-gv-¯-s¸-«-h-\m-bn tPm¬ t]mÄ c-ïm-a³ amÀ-]m-¸ {]-Jym-]n-¨p. c-ïv tcm-K-ku-Jy A-Ûp-X-§Ä Øn-co-I-cn-¨-tXm-sS A-t±l-s¯ hn-ip-² ]-Z-hn-bn-te-¡v D-bÀ-¯-p-Ibpw sN-bv-Xp.
km-aqln-I \-ho-I-c-W-am-bn-cp-óp Nm-h-d-b¨-sâ h-gn-sb-¦nð {]mÀ-°-\-bm-bn-cp-óp G-hp-{]m-k-½-bp-sS hgn. {]mÀ-°n-¡p-ó A-½-sb-óm-bn-cp-óp B-fp-IÄ G-hp-{]m-k½-sb hn-fn-¨n-cp-ó-Xv. 48 h-À-jw kz-´w Po-hnX-s¯ X-só {]mÀ-°-\-bm-¡n amän-b G-hp-{]m-ky-½ X-sâ Po-hn-X-¯nepw a-äp-Å-h-cp-sS P-o-hn-X-¯nepw hn-izm-k-¯n-sâ kpK-Ôw \n-d-¨p. Xr-Èq-cn-se Hñq-cn-ep-Å skâv ta-co-kv Nm-¸-en-se AÄ-¯m-c-tbm-Sv tNÀ-óv H-cp aq-e-bv-¡v Øm-]n-¨n-«p-Å I-tk-c-bn-em-bn-cp-óp G-hp-{]m-ky-½-bp-sS {]mÀ°-\m tem-Iw.
sN-dp {]m-b-¯nð X-só c-ïv X-h-W A-´y-IqZm-i kzo-I-cn-¡p-Ibpw ]n-óo-Sv ssZ-h-¯n-sâ AÛp-X C-S-s]-S-ep-IÄ sIm-ïv Po-hn-X-¯n-te-¡v a-S-§n-h-cp-Ibpw sNbv-X I-Y-bp-ïv G-hp-{]m-ky-½-bp-sS Po-hn-X-¯nð. 1900 ta-bv 24 \m-Wv HñqÀ skâv ta-co-kv aT-¯nð h-¨v \n-Xy{h-X hm-Kv-Zm-\-t¯m-sS tdm-k-¡p-«n G-hp-{]m-ky F-ó \m-aw kzo-I-cn-¡p-ó-Xv. 1904 þ10 h-sc HñqÀ aT-¯n-sâ D-]-aTm[n-] B-Ipóp. ]n-óo-Sv 1910 ap-Xð 13 h-sc s\m-ho-kv an-kv-{S-kv B-b G-hp-{]m-ky-½ ]n-óo-Sv aT-¯n-sâ kp-¸o-cn-bÀ ]-Z-hn-bn-se-¯n. 1950ð aT-¯nð tNÀ-ó-Xn-sâ kp-hÀ-®-Pq-_n-en B-tLm-j-w \S-óv c-ïv hÀ-j-¯n-\v ti-jw aT-¯nð h-¨v X-só A-½ a-c-W-s¸-«p. 1986 sk-]v-äw-_À 27 \m-Wv \m-aI-c-W \-S-]-Sn-bv-¡v XpS-¡w Ip-dn-bv-¡p-ó-Xv. 87ð G-hp-{]m-ky½-sb ssZ-h-Zm-kn-bm-bn {]-Jym-]n-¡p-I-bp-ïm-bn. 2002 Pq-sse 5 \v [-\y-]Z-hn e-`n-¡p-óp. 2006 ð A½-sb hm-gv-¯-s¸-«-h-fm-bn {]-Jym-]n-¡p-I-bp-ïm-bn.
\-òbpw hn-ip-²nbpw \n-d-ª Po-hn-Xw sIm-ïv a-äp-Å-hÀ-¡v am-Xr-I-bm-bn XoÀ-ó-h-cm-Wv Nm-h-d-b-¨\pw G-hp-{]mv-ky-½-bpw. tem-I-¯-nð Fñm a-\p-jy-cp-tS-bpw \-ò-bv¡pw kv-t\-l-¯n-\p-am-bn {]-hÀ-¯n-¨-hÀ-¡v a-c-W-ti-jw ssZ-h-k-ón-[n-bnð a-äp-Å-hÀ-¡m-bn a-[y-Øw ]-d-bm-sa-ó-Xn-sâ kq-N-\-IÄ ]-g-b \n-b-a-¯n-epïv. AXp-sIm-ïmImw ssh-Zy-im-kv-{X-¯n\pw A-{]m-]yamb tcm-K-im-´n-IÄ C-cp-h-cp-tSbpw a-[y-Øw sIm-ïv kw-`-hn-¨Xv. \m-aI-c-W \-S-]-Sn-IÄ ap-Xð hn-ip-² ]-Z-hn-bn-te-¡v D-bÀ-¯pó-Xv h-sc-bp-Å k-`-bp-sS A-Xn-ITn-\am-b \-S-]-Sn-{I-a-§Ä Ir-Xy-am-bn ]m-en¨p-sIm-ïv C-cp-h-tcbpw hn-ip-²n-bn-te-¡v DÀ-¯m³ k-`m-t\-XrXzw Im-gv-N-h-¨ D-Õm-lw A-`n-\-µ-\mÀ-l-amWv. \-ap-¡n-S-bnð C¯-cw Nn-e a-l-Zv-P-ò-§Ä Po-hn-¨n-cp-óp F-óv temI-s¯ X-só t_m-[y-s¸-Sp-¯m³ km-[n-¨ A-h-k-c-am-bn XoÀ-óp CXv. Nm-h-d-b-¨\pw G-hp-{]m-ky-½-bpw Im-«n-¯-ó h-gn-I-fn-eq-sS k-ô-cn-¡m³ km-[n-¡pó-Xv X-só H-cp ]p-Wy-amWv.
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