km³-Un sIm-Sp-¦m-än-s\ Xp-SÀ-óv G-sd \m-i-\-ã-§Ä t\-cn-« {]-tZ-i-§Ä A-ta-cn-¡³ {]-knUâv _-cm-¡v H_m-a k-µÀ-in¨p. {]-kn-Uâv Xn-c-sª-Sp-¸n-sâ {]-Nm-c-W-¯n-em-bn-cp-ó H_m-a {]-Nm-c-W-w \nÀ-¯n-sh-¨m-Wv A-äv-emân-Iv kn-än-bn-se Zp-c-´-_m[n-X {]-tZ-i-§-fnð H-cp a-Wn-¡qÀ k-µÀi-\w \-S-¯n-bXv. slen-tIm-]v-ä-dnð Zp-c-´-_m[n-X {]-tZ-i-§Ä t\m-¡n I-ï A-t±-lw ]p-\-c-[nhm-k tI-{µ-§-fnð I-gn-bp-óh-sc B-iz-kn-¸n¨p. kn-än-bn-se \m-i-\-ã-§Ä t\-cnð I-ï H-_m-a sR-«ð {]-I-Sn-¸n-¨p.
c-ïv Zn-h-k-am-bn Xp-S-cp-ó km³-Un sIm-Sp-¦m-än-sâ cu-{Zw Ip-d-ªn-«pïv. G-I-tZ-iw 64 t]-tcm-fw sIm-Sp-¦m-än-s\ Xp-SÀ-ópïm-b A-]-I-S-¯nð a-c-W-a-S-ª-Xm-bn I-W-¡p-IÄ kq-Nn-¸n-¡póp. e-£-¡-W-¡n-\v ho-Sp-I-fm-Wv X-IÀ-ón-«p-ÅXv. G-I-tZ-iw 2000tIm-Sn tUm-f-dn-sâ \m-i-\-ã-§-fm-Wv I-W-¡m-¡p-óXv. Xp-SÀ-¨-bm-bn aqómw Zn-h-khpw \yq-tbmÀ-¡v,an-jn-K¬ \-K-c-§-fnð ssh-Zyp-Xn ap-S-§nb-Xv P-\-Po-hn-Xw Zp-Ê-l-am-¡n-bn-«pïv. k-ºv th S-W-ep-I-fnð sh-Åw I-b-dn-b-Xn-s\ Xp-SÀ-óm-Wv ssh-Zyp-X _-Ôw X-I-cm-dn-em-bXv. \yq-tbmÀ-¡n-sâ `q-cn-`m-Kw {]-tZ-i-§-fpw C-t¸m-gpw C-cp-«nð X-só-bmWv. F-ómð ssh-Zyp-X _-Ôw X-I-cm-dn-em-bn-cpó tem-hÀ am³-l-«-\nð ssh-Zyp-X _-Ôw `m-Kn-I-am-bn ]p-\-Øm-]n-¨n-«pïv.
km-³-Un- sIm-Sp-¦m-än-sâ hocyw Að-¸w i-an-¨-tXm-sS c-£m-{]-hÀ-¯-IÀ cw-K-¯n-d§n. X-IÀ-ó ho-Sp-I-fp-tSbpw a-c-§-fp-tSbpw A-h-in-ã-§Ä \o-¡w sN-¿p-ó {]-hÀ-¯-\-¯n-em-Wv C-hÀ. X-IÀ-ó ho-Sp-I-fnð B-sc-¦nepw Ip-Sp-§n In-S-¡p-óptïm Fópw ]cn-tim-[n-¡p-ópïv. a-c-W-kw-Jy C-\nbpw D-b-cp-sa-óp-X-só-bm-Wv c-£m-{]-hÀ-¯-IÀ I-cp-Xp-óXv. \m-i-\-ã-§-fp-sS ]qÀ-®-am-b I-W-¡p-IÄ Xn-«-s¸-Sp-¯n h-cp-ó-tX-bp-Åp F-óv D-tZym-K-ØÀ A-dn-bn-¨p. \nc-¡v C-\n-bpw D-b-cp-sa-óm-Wv I-W-¡m-¡p-ó-Xv. C³-jz-d³-kv C-\-¯nð am-{Xw 1000 tIm-Sn-bp-sS \-ã-am-Wv I-W-¡m-¡n-bn-cn-¡p-ó-Xv. sIm-Sp-¦m-än-s\ Xp-SÀ-óv A-ta-cn-¡-bn-te-¡p-Å hn-am-\-kÀ-Æo-kp-IÄ Xp-SÀ-¨-bm-b aqómw Zn-h-khpw d-±m-¡n. Im-em-h-Ø {]-Xn-Iq-e-am-b-Xn-s\ Xp-SÀ-ó Xp-SÀ-¨-bm-bn c-ïp Znh-kw A-S-ªp-In-S-ón-cp-ó \yq-tbmÀ-¡v kv-täm-¡v F-Iv-kv-tN-ôv C-ó ap-Xð Xp-d-óv {]-hÀ-¯n-¡pw. 1888\v ti-jw C-Xm-Zy-am-bm-Wv \yq-tbmÀ-¡v kv-täm-¡v F-Iv-kv-tN-ôn-\v Xp-SÀ-¨bm-b c-ïv Znh-kw Ah-[n e-`n-¡p-ó-Xv.
C-Xn-\n-sS {]-knUâv Xn-c-sª-Sp-¸n-sâ {]-Nm-c-W Nq-Sn-em-bn-cp-ó c-ïv Øm-\mÀ-°n-Ifpw {]-Nmc-Ww Xmð-¡m-en-I-am-bn \nÀ-¯n-h-¨p. -Aäv-emân-¡nse dn-¸-»n-¡³ K-hÀ-Wdm-b {In-kv {In-kv-än-bv-s¡m-¸-am-Wv H_m-a Zp-c-´-_m[n-X {]-tZ-i-§Ä k-µÀ-in-¨Xv. H-_m-a-bp-sS k-µÀi-\w {]-Xn-]-£ ]mÀ-«n-I-fp-sS t]mepw {]-iw-k-bv-¡v Im-c-W-ambn. Zp-c-´-¯nð ho-Sv \-ã-s¸-«h-sc B-iz-kn-¸n-¡m\pw H_m-a ka-bw I-sï¯n. H-_m-a-bp-sS k-µÀ-i-\-t¯m-sS H-_m-a-bp-sS I-Sp-¯ B-cm-[-I-\m-bn am-dn-bn-cn-¡p-Im-Wv dn-¸-_v-fn-¡³ ]mÀ-«n t\-Xm-hpw tdmw-\n-bp-sS h-àm-hp-am-bn-cp-ó K-hÀ-WÀ {In-kv {In-kvän. H-_m-a-bp-sS k-µÀi-\w Zpc-´w _m-[n-¨-hÀ-¡v Iq-Sp-Xð B-izm-kw ]-IÀ-ó-Xmbpw {In-kv {In-Ìn hy-à-am¡n. Zpc-´w t\-cn-« A-óp-ap-Xð Znh-kw aq-óv t\-cw A-t±-lw X-só t^m-Wnð hn-fn-¨v Øn-Xn-K-Xn-IÄ hn-e-bn-cp-¯p-am-bn-cp-óp-shópw Zp-c´-s¯ Xp-SÀ-óv Av-t±-lw A-\p-h-Zn-¨ k-lm-bw Iq-Sp-Xð B-iz-k-am-sbópw {In-kv {In-kv-än {]-kv ao-änð ]-dªp.
{In-kv {In-Ìn-sb A-I-a-gn-ªv {]-iw-kn-¡m³ H-_m-abpw a-d-ónñ. \n-§-fp-sS K-hÀ-WÀ Znh-kw ap-gp-h³ tPm-en sN-¿p-I-bm-sW-óv Zp-c-´-_m-[n-X-tcm-Sv kw-km-cn¡-th H-_m-a ]-d-ªp. H-_m-a-bp-sS k-µÀi-\w h-cm-\n-cn-¡p-ó {]-kn-Uâv Xn-c-sª-Sp-¸nð A-t±-l-¯n-\v Kp-Ww sN-¿p-sa-óm-Wv I-cp-Xp-óXv. A-Sp-¯ hÀ-jw Xn-c-sª-Sp-¸v t\-cnSm-s\m-cp-§p-ó {In-kv {In-kv-än¡pw X-sâ {]-Nm-c-W-¯n-\v A-Sn-¯-d ]m-Ip-ó-Xm-bn H-_m-a-bp-sS k-µÀ-i-\w.
I-gn-ª Znh-kw Hln-tbm-hnð {]-Nm-c-W-¯n-\v F¯n-b dn-¸-»n-¡³ ]mÀ-«n-bp-sS Øm-\mÀ°n an-äv tdmw-\nbpw Zp-cn-Xm-izm-k {]-hÀ-¯-\-¯nð k-lm-bn¨p. Hlo-tbm-hn-se Xn-c-sª-Sp-¸v {]-Nm-c-W-¯nð A-t±-lw cm-{ão-b hn-j-b-§Ä D-ó-bn-¡m-Xn-cp-ó-Xpw {i-t±-b-ambn. c-ïv Øm-\mÀ-°n-Ifpw C-óv ap-Xð Xn-c-sª-Sp-¸v {]-Nmc-Ww ]p-\-cm-cw-`n-¡p-sa-óm-Wv I-cp-Xp-óXv.
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