en-ä-dn-\v 57 In-tem-ao-äÀ ssa-tePpamb-n sSm-tbm-«-bp-sS ssl-{_n-Uv ImÀ

\m-sf-bp-sS ImÀ F-ó hn-ti-j-W-hp-am-bn sSm-tbm-«-bp-sS F-^vSnþ _n-F¨v I¬-sk-]v-äv P\oh tam-t«mÀ-tjm-bnð A-h-X-cn-¸n¨p. ssl-{_n-Uv Im-dp-I-fp-sS Im-cy£-a-X G-ähpw Iq-Sp-Xð ap-X-em¡p-I F-ó e-£y-t¯m-sS \nÀ-½n-¨ F-^v-Sn þ _n-F¨n-\v tam-t«mÀ-tjm-bð h³ kzo-I-c-W-am-Wv e-`n-¨-Xv. 800 In-tem-bnð Xm-sg-bmWv Cu sN-dp-Im-dn-sâ `mcw. C-Xn-sâ `m-c-¡pd-hv Iq-Sp-Xð C-Ô-\-£-a-Xbpw Ipd-hv ImÀ-_¬ F-an-j\pw F-ó e£yw ssI-h-cn-¡m³ km-[n-¡p-sa-óm-Wv I-cp-Xp-óXv. am-{X-añ sN-dp-Ip-Spw-_-§Ä-¡v Xm-§m-\m-Ip-ó hn-e-bv-¡v C-Xv \ð-Im-\m-Ip-sa-óm-Wv {]-Xo-£n-¡p-ó-Xv.

en-ä-dn-\v 57 In-tem-ao-ä-dm-Wv sSm-tbm-« F-^v-Snþ _n-F-¨n-\v I¼-\n hm-Kv-Zm-\w sN-¿pó ssa-tePv. sSm-tbm-« bm-cn-kn-sâ ssk-kn-ep-Å H-cp ImÀ G-ähpw Iq-Sp-Xð C-Ô-\-£a-X-tbmSpw ]-cn-Øn-Xn a-eo-\o-Ic-Ww Ip-d¨pw hn-e-bnð hen-b hy-Xym-k-anñm-sXbpw F-§-s\ ]p-d-¯n-d¡mw F-ó Nn-´-bnð \n-óm-Wv F-^v-Snþ _n-F-¨n-sâ P-\\w. H-cp en-ä-dn-sâ c-ïv kn-en-ïÀ F-ôn-\p-am-bm-Wv F-^v-Sn þ _nF-¨v ]p-d-¯n-d-§p-I. H-cp henb tam-t«mÀ-ssk-¡n-fnð D-Å-Xn-t\-¡mÄ h-en-¸w Ip-d-ª F-ôn³.

sSm-tbm-«-bp-sS X-só bm-cn-kn-sâ A-tX h-en-¸-am-Wv C-Xn-\pw. 3,985 anño ao-ä-dm-Wv \o-fw, 1695 anvño ao-äÀ ho-Xn-bpw 1400 anño aov-äÀ D-b-c-hpw C-Xn-\p-ïv. 2,750 anño ao-ä-dm-Wv C-Xn-sâ hoð t_-bv-kv. \n-e-hnð bm-cn-kv ]p-d-s¸-Sp-hn-¡p-ó-Xn-sâ ]-Ip-Xn am-{X-am-bn-cn¡pw C-Xn-sâ ImÀ-_¬ F-an-j-s\ópw I¼-\n A-h-Im-i-s¸-Spóp. an-I-¨ C-Ô-\-£-a-Xbpw Ipd-hv ImÀ-_¬ F-an-j\pw ssI-h-cn-¡m-\m-bn A-ôv ta-J-e-I-fn-em-Wv Un-ssk-t\-gv-kv Im-cyam-b {i-² \ð-In-b-sX-óv I¼-\n Nq-ïn-¡m«n. h-ïn-bp-sS `m-cw Ip-d-bv-¡p-I, ss{U-hnw-Kv d-kn-̳-kv Ip-d-bv-¡p-I (C-Xn-\m-bn h-ïn-bp-sS Fbv-tdm-ssU-\m-an-Iv-kv s]À-t^m-a³kpw S-bÀ s]À-t^m-a³kpw Iq-«n), ]-hÀ-s{S-bv³ F-^n-jy³kn, sXÀ-að F-\À-Pn am-t\-Pv-saâv, C-e-{În-Ìn tk-hnw-Kv ta-J-e-I-fn-em-Wv I¼-\n Iq-Sp-Xð {i-² \ð-In-bn-«p-Å-Xv.

ImÀ-_¬ F-an-j³ Ip-d-ª-hm-l-\-§Ä Xm-§m-\m-Ip-ó hn-e-bv-¡v \ð-In-bmð am-{X-ta B-fp-IÄ kzo-I-cn-¡p-óp F-ó-Xm-Wv ]pXn-b Im-dn-sâ cq-]-Ið-¸-\-bv-¡v sSm-tbm«-sb t{]-cn-¸n-¨-Xv. ImÀ-_¬ F-an-j³ ]-c-amh-[n Ip-d-ª hm-l-\-§Ä [m-cm-f-am-bn hnäp-t]m-Ip-óp-ïv. hn-e Iq-Sn-b `m-K-§Ä hn-tZ-i-¯p-\n-óv C-d-¡pa-Xn sN-¿m-sX \n-e-hnð hm-l-\ hy-h-km-b-¯nð D-]-tbm-Kn-¡p-ó A-tX km-[-\-§Ä sIm-ïm-Wv F-^vSnþ _n-F¨pw \nÀ-½nv-¡p-I.

F-t¡m-tam-j³ F-ó Xo-an-s\ A-Sn-Øm-\-am-¡n-bm-Wv F-^v-Snþ _n-F-¨n-sâ t_m-Un cq-]-Ið-¸-\ sN-bv-Xn-cn-¡p-óXv. dq-^v A-S-¡-ap-Å Io ]m-\-ep-IÄ H-cp Xp-Wn-sb A-\p-kv-a-cn-¸n¡pw hn-[-am-Wv \nÀ-½n-¨n-cn-¡p-óXv. `m-cw Ip-d-bv-¡p-ó-Xn-\p-Å B-Zy-]-Sn-bm-bn-cp-óp CXv. Im-dn-sâ ap³h-iw \n-e-hn-ep-Å Un-ssk-\p-I-sf t]m-e X-só hen-b {Knñp-IÄ tNÀ-¯-XmWv. sImv-¯p-]-Wn-I-fpÅ t_m-Wäpw sl-Uv-emw-]p-Ifpw ap³-h-i-t¯m-Sv tNÀ-óp \nð-¡póp. hf-sc t\À-¯ F, kn ]nñ-dp-IÄ t¥-kv-Uv Gcn-b Iq-«p-ó-Xn-\mð an-I-¨ Zr-iym-\p-`hpw Im-_n-\nð Iq-Sp-Xð Ø-ehpw A-\p-`-h-s¸-Sm³ Im-c-W-am-Ip-óp.

Im-dn-se Im-_n³ ]n³-`m-Kw Að-¸w D-bÀ-ó _-¼dn-t\m-Sv H-gp-In-tNÀ-ó hn-[-¯n-em-Wv Un-ssk³ sN-bv-Xn-cn-¡p-óXv. hn tj-¸n-ep-Å h-i-§Ä C-Xn-sâ Fbv-tdm-ssU-\m-an-Iv-kv s]À-t^m-a³-kv Iq-«póp. A-Xn-\mð X-só {Um-Kv tIm-F-^n-jyâv 0.235 te-¡v Ip-d-bv-¡m-\m-Ip-sa-óv I-¼-\n A-h-Im-i-s¸-Spóp. hn-cn-¨n-«n-cn-¡p-ó H-cp XpWn-t]m-se tXm-ón-¡p-ó Câo-co-b-dn-sâ a-säm-cp {]-tXy-I-X an-\n-a-en-k-am-Wv. tIm¬-tI-hv B-Ivr-Xn-bn-ep-Å skâÀ I¬-tkmÄ ss{U-hÀ-¡v tIm-¡v-]n-änð X-só {i-² tI-{µo-I-cn-¡m³ k-lm-bn-¡pw. F-ómð sh-fn-¨hpw kv-t]kpw A-tX]-Sn \n-e-\nÀ-¯m\pw I-gn-bpw.

`m-cw Ip-d-bv-¡p-ó-Xn-\m-bn ssl ssS³-sskð kv-äoepw A-eq-an-\nbw, a-áojyw F-ón-h-bp-am-Wv \nÀ-½m-W-¯n-\v D-]-tbm-Kn-¨n-cn-¡p-ó-Xv. Im-dn-sâ sam-¯w t_m-Un-bp-tSbpw Câo-co-b-dn-tâbpw tN-knkv, Ce-t{Îm-Wn-Iv-kv km-[-\-§-fp-tSbpw sh-bv-äv Ip-d¨p-sIm-ïm-Wv `m-c-¡pd-hv F-ó e£yw I¼-\n t\-Sn-sb-Sp-¯Xv. F-^v-Snþ_n-F-v-¨n-sâ ^pÄ ssl-{_n-Uv ss{U-hv kn-Ì-am-Wv ]-hÀ-{S-bv³ Uu¬-ssk-kv sN-¿m³ k-lm-bn-¡p-óXv. \n-e-hn-ep-Å kn-s\À-Pn ss{U-hnw-Kv kvn-Ì-s¯-¡mÄ C-Xvv 90 Intem `m-cw Ip-dª-Xm-Wv.

]pXn-b I¬-sk-]v-äv \n-e-hn-ep-Å Fñm ss{U-hnw-Kv A-\p-`-h-§-tfbpw Xn-cp-¯n-¡p-dn-¡m-³ k-lm-bn-¡p-ó-Xm-Wv F-óm-Wv I-¼-\n-bp-sS A-h-Im-i-hmZw,